William Horsell

William Horsell
Horsell, c. 1857
Born(1807-03-31)31 March 1807
Brinkworth, Wiltshire, England
Died23 December 1863(1863-12-23) (aged 56)
Aboard the Just
Resting placeLagos Cemetery, Nigeria
Occupations
Known forFounding role in the Vegetarian Society; promoting early vegetarianism and veganism; publishing the first vegan cookbook
Spouse
​
(m. 1834)​

William Horsell (31 March 1807 – 23 December 1863) was an English vegetarian activist, publisher, editor, and hydrotherapist who played a prominent role in several nineteenth-century reform movements, including temperance, phrenology, and early veganism. He was instrumental in the founding of the Vegetarian Society in 1847 and served as its first secretary. Based in London, Horsell edited the Society's early journal, the Truth-Tester, later renamed The Vegetarian Advocate, and operated a hydropathic infirmary in Ramsgate, described as the first vegetarian hospital in Britain.

He published a wide range of literature on diet, health, and spiritualism, including Cholera Prevented by the Adoption of a Vegetarian Diet (1849), The Vegetarian Armed at All Points (1856), and The Science of Cooking Vegetarian Food (1856), as well as the first known vegan cookbook, Asenath Nicholson's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians (1849). His wife, Elizabeth, was also a vegetarian and author of the vegan cookbook, The Penny Domestic Assistant and Guide to Vegetarian Cookery, which he published. In his later years, Horsell withdrew from public life and died of a fever in 1863 while on an anti-slavery mission to West Africa.

Biography

Early and personal life

William Horsell was born in Brinkworth, Wiltshire on 31 March 1807. Before the age of twenty, he was preaching the gospel and became a temperance activist in 1833.[1] He married Elizabeth Gillett on Vowchurch on 30 June 1834.[2]

Temperance and anti-nicotine activism

In 1838, Horsell established the Anti-Nicotine Society at Congleton, Cheshire.[3] He also founded the Nature's Beverage Society in 1842, which aimed to promote abstinence from all artificial beverages.[4]

Hydropathic centre and vegetarianism

Interior of Northwood Villa, where the Vegetarian Society was founded in 1847.

Alcott House was a progressive educational community founded in the 1830s that promoted a plant-food only diet. Its members established one of the earliest known hydrotherapy centres in the United Kingdom and published The Healthian, which included the earliest known printed use of the word "vegetarian" in an 1842 edition.[5] The publication also advocated a strictly plant-food diet.[6]

Around this time, Horsell, then living in Richmond, developed an interest in vegetarianism. When the hydrotherapy centre relocated to the Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate, he moved with it and managed the institute as a vegetarian establishment that excluded animal products.[5] It has been described as the first vegetarian hospital in Britain.[7][8]

The Truth-Tester and the Vegetarian Society

Issue 5 of The Vegetarian Advocate

The Truth-Tester was first published in England in 1845 as a temperance journal.[6] In 1846, it was purchased by Horsell from F. R. Lees, who was preparing to emigrate to America.[9] It was reissued in September, incorporating The Healthian, as the Truth-Tester, Temperance Advocate, and Manx Healthian Journal. It was published from Douglas, Isle of Man, where lower stamp duties applied, and sold for twopence monthly.[6][9]

In early 1847, a letter published in the Truth-Tester proposed the formation of a vegetarian society. This led to a "physiological conference" organised by William Oldham in July 1847 at the Concordium. The event was attended by up to 130 participants, including Bible Christian James Simpson, and resulted in several resolutions, including one to reconvene later that year.[10]

On 30 September 1847, a follow-up meeting was held at the Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate. Chaired by Joseph Brotherton, MP for Salford and a member of the Bible Christian Church, the meeting formally established the Vegetarian Society. Simpson was elected president, William Oldham treasurer, and Horsell secretary.[10] Horsell managed the Society's affairs from his London office. He also operated the Vegetarian Depôt with his business partner, which served as a publishing and distribution centre for vegetarian literature.[11]

In 1848, the journal came under the auspices of the Vegetarian Society and was renamed The Vegetarian Advocate.[12] It became the Society's official journal and described vegetarianism as "the next practical moral subject which is likely to call forth the virtuous energy of society".[12][13]

Differences in dietary views led to growing tensions between Horsell and Simpson, who was based in Manchester and favoured the inclusion of eggs and dairy in the vegetarian diet. In September 1849, Simpson launched the Vegetarian Messenger as a rival publication to Horsell's Vegetarian Advocate.[11] Following these developments, Horsell stepped down as secretary in 1850, and the Messenger replaced the Advocate as the Society's official journal.[10]

London Vegetarian Association

In 1852, Horsell was involved in the formation of a London committee that became known as the London Vegetarian Association (LVA). The LVA promoted meals based on fruits and grains and avoided tea and coffee, practices influenced by the earlier Alcott House community. In 1856, Horsell was replaced as secretary by an individual more closely aligned with the national leadership, and the LVA became less active in the years that followed.[11]

Other work

The Vegetarian Armed at All Points (1856)

Horsell authored a popular manual on hydropathy and was an advocate of phrenology.[13] He edited the Journal of Health & Phrenological Magazine, which featured contributions from the temperance lecturer and fellow phrenologist Jabez Inwards.[14]

He also published literature on vegetarianism and spiritualism.[13] In 1849, he published Asenath Nicholson's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians in London. A review in The Vegetarian Advocate noted that "butter and eggs are excluded" from the recipes.[15] The Vegan Society has cited the book as the first known vegan cookbook.[16]

His wife, Elizabeth, was also a vegetarian.[13] In 1850, he published her cookbook, The Penny Domestic Assistant and Guide to Vegetarian Cookery, which excluded all animal products.[17]

Horsell also served as the London agent for the American publishing house Fowler & Wells Company.[18]

In addition to his editorial and publishing work, Horsell wrote several books on vegetarianism, health, and natural living, including The Board of Health and Longevity (1845), Cholera Prevented by the Adoption of a Vegetarian Diet (1849), Original Views on Diet (1849), Letter to a Friend in Reply to the Question, What Is Vegetarianism? (1849), The Vegetarian Armed at All Points (1856), and The Science of Cooking Vegetarian Food (1856). Some of these works were later translated into German.[19]

Later life and death

In his later years, Horsell gradually withdrew from active involvement in the reform movements he had supported. He died of a fever on 23 December 1863 during an anti-slavery mission to Lagos and Abeokuta in present-day Nigeria. After lecturing at Cape Coast on the prospects of the African cotton trade, he died aboard the Just and was buried in Lagos Cemetery on Christmas Day by a fellow missionary. His death was reported in the vegetarian press, as well as the Medical Times and Gazette, the Anti-Slavery Reporter, and Evangelical Christendom.[20]

Selected publications

Writing

As editor

See also

References

  1. ^ Gregory, James (23 September 2004). "Horsell, William". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B. (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74681. Retrieved 6 January 2024. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ "England, Herefordshire Bishop's Transcripts, 1583–1898: Entry for William Horsell and Elizabeth Gillett, 30 Jun 1834". FamilySearch. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  3. ^ Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 634. ISBN 1-57607-833-7.
  4. ^ Winskill, Peter Turner (1891). The Temperance Movement and Its Workers. Vol. 2. London, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dublin: Blackie & Son. p. 150.
  5. ^ a b McIlwain, Richard (April 2024) [2022]. "Vegetarian Society: The First 175 Years". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
  6. ^ a b c Davis, John (27 July 2011). "The Truth Tester 1846–48 – a vegan journal". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  7. ^ Spencer, Colin (1995). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. University Press of New England. p. 252. ISBN 0-87451-708-7.
  8. ^ Forward, Charles W. (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 20.
  9. ^ a b Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko, eds. (10 March 2022). History of Vegetarianism and Veganism Worldwide (1970–2022): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook. Soyinfo Center. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-948436-74-8.
  10. ^ a b c Davis, John. "The Origins of the 'Vegetarians'". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  11. ^ a b c Davis, John (26 October 2011). "London Vegetarian Association, 1850s – the world's first 'vegan society'". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
  12. ^ a b "The Truth Tester and Vegetarian Advocate". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  13. ^ a b c d Gregory, James (2007). Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 31–52, 72–73, 104. ISBN 978-1-84511-379-7.
  14. ^ Edmundson, John (1 November 2013). "London Vegans 1856 – Elizabeth and William Horsell". HappyCow. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  15. ^ Anonymous (1849). "Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians". The Vegetarian Advocate. 11 (1): 10.
  16. ^ "Key facts". The Vegan Society. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  17. ^ Gregory, James Richard Thomas Elliott (2002). "Biographical Index of British Vegetarians and Food Reformers of the Victorian Era". The Vegetarian Movement in Britain c.1840–1901: A Study of Its Development, Personnel and Wider Connections (PDF). Vol. 2. University of Southampton. pp. 59–60. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  18. ^ LeMaster, J. R.; Kummings, Donald D. (1998). Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 0-8153-1876-6.
  19. ^ "Horsell, William - Search results". WorldCat. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  20. ^ Gregory, James (2013) [2008]. "'Zealously affected in a good thing': The publishing career and life of William Horsell (1807–1863)". Academia.edu. p. 11. Retrieved 28 June 2024.

Further reading

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