List of dishes from the Caucasus

Shashlyk is a dish of skewered and grilled cubes of meat that is known traditionally, by various other names, in the Caucasus and Central Asia.[1][2]

The following dishes and beverages are part of the cuisine of the Caucasus, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the North Caucasus.

Traditional dishes

Cheese

A spread of traditional Armenian cheeses served at an Armenian restaurant
Armenian tel panir
  • Ktor panir (կտոր պանիր) — is an Armenian traditional soft cheese made from sheep's, cow's milk, or a mixture of both.
  • Ashvlagwan (Ашвлагуан)Abkhaz smoked cheese, similar to sulguni.
  • Chechil (Չեչիլ) — String (often smoked) cheese, made in Armenia.[3]
  • Adyga kwae (Адыгэ Къуае) — Mild cheese, made in Circassia.
  • Yeghegnadzor (Եղեգնաձոր) also known as Horats panir (հորած պանիր) — is a traditional Armenian semi-soft cheese originating from the town of Yeghegnadzor in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia.
  • Chkinti (ჭყინტი) — Salty cheese made originally in Imereti.
  • Chanakh (չանախ) — Armenian brined cheese with a sharp, salty flavor and dense texture
  • Dambalkhacho (დამბალხაჭო) — "Rotten" cheese made in Pshavi and Mtiuleti.
  • Motal (մոթալ) — Armenian brined cheese made from sheep's or goat's milk, traditionally produced in the Syunik and Artsakh regions.
  • Guda (გუდა) — Cheese made from sheep milk in Tusheti. Its preparation takes 20 days.
    Armenian motal cheese being sold at a store
    Circassian cheese
Ossetian cheese
Armenian yehegnadzor cheese
  • Earon tsykht (Ирон Цыхт) — Cheese made in Ossetia.
  • Kanach panir (կանաչ պանիր) — Mold-ripened Armenian cheese from Shirak, with a greenish look, crumbly texture, and sharp flavor.
  • QatikFermented milk product popular among Turks.
  • Sulguni (სულგუნი) — One of the most famous cheeses from Mingrelia, made from cow or buffalo milk.
  • Lori (լոռի) — Armenian semi-soft cheese made from pasteurized cow's milk.
  • To-beram (ТIо-берам)Cottage cheese mixed with sour cream, made traditionally in Chechnya and in Ingushetia.
  • Tel panir (թել պանիր) — Armenian string cheese made from fermented milk, braided into fine threads and typically preserved in brine.

Dough

Multiple Armenian zhingyalov hats

Starters and snacks

Ajapsandali
Kanachi, a side-dish consiting of fresh herbs and vegetables

Soups and stews

Armenian spas soup
Armenian khash

Main courses

Armenian ghapama in a restaurant
Vine leaf dolma, the most popular variation of dolma
Jijig-Galnash
  • Tabaka Qatami (ტაბაკა ქათამი) — Georgian roasted chicken with adjika, traditionally made in Mingrelia.
  • Plov (Plov / Փլավ / ფლავი / Плов) — Rice dish, mostly cooked with meat and vegetables.
  • Karmir pilaf (կարմիր փիլավ) — Armenian red rice dish made with butter, rice, onions, herbs, spices (especially sumac), tomato paste and sometimes meat. The word karmir means “red” in Armenian, referring to the red colour of the dish.[34]
  • Dzhed (Джед)Circassian chicken in a sauce, similar to satsivi.
  • Amich(Ամիչ) — Armenian dish made with poultry, typically turkey or chicken, stuffed with rice, herbs, spices and dried fruits. Historically, it was prepared with pheasant. The dish is mentioned in the 5th-century works of Armenian historians Faustus of Byzantium and Yeghishe.
  • Jijig-Galnash (Жижиг-Галнаш) — Chechen and Ingush dish consisting of Galnash (boiled dough) with meat and its broth.
  • Khokhob (խոխոբ) — Armenian poultry dish made with either duck (most popular variation), pheasant, chicken, or turkey. The meat is cooked with tart fruits like barberries, apricots, or raisins, kanachi herbs, nuts, and warm spices. Khokhob is often served with vegetables, potatoes, or bread. Itis often served in a garlic, walnut and pomegranate sauce.[35][36]
  • Satsivi (საცივი) — Georgian poultry meat (turkey or chicken) based dish with walnut sauce.
  • Panrkhash (պանրխաշ) — Armenian dish that consists of lavash bread, cheese, onions, and boiled water.[37][38] The dish is prepared by layering the chechil and lavash in a ramekin or clay bowl, then adding sautéed onions and hot water before baking the mixture until golden brown.[39]
  • Khoyagusht (Хоягушт) — Meat pie from the cuisine of Mountain Jews, Made of eggs, turmeric, slow cooked meat (usually sheep or goat) and its broth.
  • Tjvjik (տժվժիկ) — Armenian dish made from offal (mostly liver), fried with onions and optionally tomato purée. It is simmered until tender and served with parsley.
  • Kofta (Küftə / Քուֆթա / გუფთა) — Spiced meatballs, made in Transcaucasia.
  • Kchuch (Կճուճ) — Armenian dish made of vegetables, spices, herbs (mostly garlic), tail fat, meat and/or fish. It is served with lavash and turshi.
  • Kuchmachi (კუჭმაჭი) — Fried chicken livers with pomegranate seeds.
  • Kyalla (քյալլա) — Armenian dish from Gyumri, made by slow-cooking a cleaned sheep or cow head, often in a tonir, until the meat becomes tender. The cooked meat and skin are chopped, seasoned with spices, as well as herbs and placed in the head. The dish is then served with garlic, torshi and lavash.[40]
  • Khali-Nukun (ХIали-Нукьун) — Dargin dish consisting of a fat-tailed lards with oatmeal.
    Khinkali
    Armenian boraki
  • Khinkali (ხინკალი) — Georgian dumpling stuffed with meat, vegetables or cottage cheese.
  • Boraki (Բորակի) — Armenian dumplings typically filled with spiced ground meat and onions, wrapped in thin dough, and often baked, or fried. Boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then baked, or fried. Thed usually sit in an Armenian sauce called lecho, which consists of bell peppers, tomatoes, onions, garlic, oil, salt, hot peppers and sometimes vinegar. Boraki are served garnished with matzoon and chopped garlic.[41][42]
  • Joshpara (جوش‌پَرَ/Düşbərə) - Small Iranian, Turkic and Azerbaijani dumplings served with mutton and vegetables in its broth.
  • Manti (մանթի) — Dumplings popular in Armenia that are usually served with herbs and spoces infused matzoon or sour cream (ttvaser), garlic and lecho, or another tomato based sauce.
  • Holtmash (ХьолтӀмаш) — Chechen and Ingush dumplings made from cornmeal stuffed with nettles.
  • Gürzə — Azerbaijani dumplings.
  • Kurze (Курзе) — Long shaped dumplings stuffed with meat, popular among Dagestanis.
  • Mataz (Мэтазэ) — Circassian dumplings stuffed with various fillings (meat, cottage cheese, potato).
Fish based Levengi
Marinated sevan trout ready to be grilled

Condiments and sauces

Armenian matzoon with herbs
  • Ajika (აჯიკა / Аџьыка) — Spicy paste made from peppers, garlic, herbs, spices, walnuts and salt. It originated in Western Georgia, in the regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia, but it is used in almost all regions of the Caucasus.
  • Grape syrup (դոշաբ / pekmez) — Syrup/molasses made from grapes that is popular in Armenia and by extension Azerbaijan. This syrup is used in multiple foods, like stuffed apples, matzoon, or desserts such as gata and as a medicine.
  • Matzoon (Մածուն / მაწონი) — Fermented milk, similar to yoghurt. It is of Armenian origin and consumed in Armenia and Georgia. In Armenia, It is combined with spices and herbs to use it as a standalone condiment.
  • Pomegranade molasses (նուռի մածուկ / narşərab / نارشارَب) — Pomegranade-based condiment, made and used in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran.
  • Ashtarak sauce (Աշտարակի սոուս) — Armenian walnut and garlic sauce from Ashtarak. It is made with walnuts, garlic, vinegar or lemon juice, and salt.[50]
  • Bazhe (ბაჟე) — Georgian walnut sauce with spices.
  • Mulberry syrup (թութի դոշաբ) — Armenian syrup/molasses made from mulberries and used in multiple dishes.[51]
  • Tkemali (ტყემალი) — Georgian cherry plum-based sauce.
  • Lecho (լեչո) — is a popular Armenian sauce made from bell peppers, tomatoes, onions, garlic, oil, salt, and sometimes sugar or vinegar.[42]
  • Urbech (Урбеч) — Urbech is a dagestani paste made of ground seeds or nuts.
  • Kaymak (սար; սերուցք / კაიმაღი) — Creamy dairy food similar to clotted cream, made from the milk of water buffalo, cows, sheep, or goats. Often used for desserts, It is popular in Armenia and Georgia.

Breads

Armenian lavash
Armenian bread matnakash

Desserts

Armenian sharots from Garni
Georgian churchkhela from Kakheti
  • Sharots (Շարոց) — a confection in Armenian cuisine, consisting of halved walnut kernels threaded onto a string and coated with a spiced fruit-based mixture.
  • Churchkhela (ჩურჩხელა)Georgian sweet made from mixed grape juice and flour with chopped walnuts or hazelnuts.
  • Alani (Ալանի)Armenian sweet made from dried apricot, or fig stuffed with ground walnut and sometimes sugar.
  • Baldzhin (Балджын)Ossetian sweet pie filled with cherries.
  • Gata (Գաթա) — Armenian pastry / sweet bread filled with khoritz a sweet mix made out of sugar, butter and flour. There are many variations to gata. Walnuts, dried fruits and fresh fruits like prunes, apricots, lemons, berries, or apples can also be added to the filling.
  • Gozinaki (გოზინაყი) — Sweet made by Georgians for New Year consisting of chopped walnuts and honey.
  • Nazook (Նազուկ) — Rolled Armenian pastry filled with khoritz (sugar, butter, sugar) and optionally walnuts, lemons, cranberries, prunes and apricots can be added to the filling.
  • Gvaymakkhsh (Гваймакхш)Chechen / Ingush pancakes with honey.
  • Ponchik (պոնչիկ) — Armenian deep-fried piece of dough shaped into a flattened sphere, that turns into a puffed up sphere upon frying, and then becomes a flattened sphere after it is opened. Ponchiks are filled with custard (plain, vanilla or chocolate mostly) and known as Armenian doughnuts.
  • Halva (Halva / Հալվա / ჰალვა / Хьовла / Халва) — Sweet made from flour.
  • Cigarette cookies (սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) — Soft Armenian cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either lokhum, a mixture of sugar, cardamom, and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of matzoon, butter, eggs, and flour. When finished the pastry gets dusted with powdered sugar.
  • Harbiz Fo (Хьарбиз фо)Circassian watermelon honey.
  • Mikado cake (միկադո տորթ) — Armenian layer cake made by stacking up layers of baked dough and a buttercream that mainly consists of butter, chocolate, brandy and condensed milk on top of each other. When finished the cake gets covered in the aforementioned buttercream, and shreds of chocolate.
  • Murabba (Մուրաբա / მურაბა / Mürəbbə)Jam made in Transcaucasia with local fruits. It is also made from walnuts in Georgia and Armenia. The most popular fruits and other ingredients turned into murabba in Armenia/Armenian cuisine are watermelon, watermelon rind, quince, pumpkin, apricot, mulberry, raspberry, pear, cherry, cornelian cherry, plum, pomegranate, and walnut.[53][54][55][56][57]
  • Anoushabur (անուշապուր) — Sweet Armenian porridge made from wheat or barley, dried fruits (such as apricots, raisins, and prunes), sugar, spices (like vanilla and cinnamon) and nuts (almonds and pistachios are most common).
  • Natyoukh (НатӀюхӀ)Lak candy made with a mixture of honey and sugar with apricot kernels and walnuts.
  • Marlenka (Մառլենկա) — Armenian layered honey cake composed of multiple thin layers of honey-sweetened sponge cake and a filling made from caramel cream. It is typically topped with a dusting of crushed nuts or cocoa-based icing.
  • Pakhlava (Paxlava / Փախլավա / ფახლავა) — Sweet pastry made with filo layers, nuts and a syrup. It is made in the Transcaucasian countries, but mostly Armenia and Azerbaijan.
  • Rachal (ռաչալ) — Armenian pumpkin dessert. It is essentially candied pumpkin topped with either walnuts, sar, or tahini and powdered sugar.
  • Pastegh (Պաստեղ) — Armenian dried fruit leather. Can be served with regular, or sour taste.
  • Pelamushi (ფელამუში)Kakhetian traditional pudding made from grape juice and flour.
  • Mrjnabuyn (մրջնաբույն) — Armenian sweet made from crushed nuts and honey or condensed milk mixed with crumbs and shaped into small clusters resembling an ant's nest. It is often covered in chocolate.[58]
  • Shekerbura (Şəkərbura) — Azerbaijani sweet pastry filled with almonds, walnuts or hazelnuts. It is consumed during Nowruz, the Zoroastrian New Year.
  • Shpot (շփոթ) — Armenian pudding made by boiling fruit juice (usually grape or mulberry) with flour and spices (cinnamon, cloves and cardamom) until thickened. It is topped with nuts (walnuts, hazelnuts, or almonds).[59]

Beverages

Alcoholic

A bottle of Armenian Ararat brandy
  • Ararat (Հայկական կոնյակ) — Famous Armenian brandy made from white grapes and spring water.
  • Armenian wines (Հայկական գինիներ) — Most famous include : Voski, Karasi, Yeraz Areni, Khndoghni (Sireni), Haghtanak, Milagh, Aghavnadzor, Voskehat, Kangun, Garan Dmak, Mskhali, Nazeli, Chilar.
  • Bagany (Бæгæны) — Ossetian beer made from wheat, barley and maize.
  • Pomegranate wine (նռան գինի) — Armenian wine made from pomegranates.[60]
  • Makhsima (Мэхъсымэ)Circassian alcohol made from corn flour and wheat. Similar to boza but has higher alcohol content.
  • Arak (Арахъ)Ossetian vodka made from cereals such as wheat or barley. However, some are made with fruits especially by the South Ossetians.
  • Oghi (օղի) — Armenian distilled spirit made from fermented fruits. Mulberries are mostly used, but grapes, apricots, plums, cherries and peaches are also sometimes used to make it.
  • Chacha (ჭაჭა)Georgian vodka made from pomace (grape) or other fruits which is often homemade.
  • Noy (Նոյ) — Armenian brandy produced by the Yerevan Brandy Company. It is made using Armenian grapes and spring water, aged in oak barrels.
  • Georgian wines (ქართული ღვინოები) — Most famous include : Saperavi, Tsinandali, Akasheni, Kindzmarauli, Kvanchkara, Lykhny (made in Abkhazia), etc. Most of the wines are made in the region of Kakheti.
  • Armenian beers (Հայկական գարեջուր) — Brewed from spring water, malted barley, hops, and yeast using traditional fermentation methods. Popular brands include Կիլիկիա (Kilikia), Դիլիջան (Dilijan), Լվիվ (Lviv), and Արարատ (Ararat).

Non-alcoholic

Armenian raspberry kompot
A bottle of Georgian tarkhuna
  • Kompot (կոմպոտ / Компот) — Sweet beverage made from local fruits. The fruits its made from are in the same jar as the juice itself. The most popular fruits used to make Armenian kompot with are apricots, raspberries, cherries, peaches, plums, mulberries, and quinces.
  • Tarkhuna (ტარხუნა / թարխուն)Carbonated Georgian lemonade with tarragon flavour that is also popular in Armenia.
  • Pear juice (տանձի հյութ / მსხლის წვენი)Carbonated beverage made from pears popular in Armenia and Georgia. Armenian pear juice is said to taste slightly like bubble gum.
  • Lagidzis water (ლაღიძის წყლები) — Georgian fruit, or chocolate-infused water, often sold in streets.
  • Tan (Թան) — Armenian matzoon-based drink made by diluting matzoon with cold water and adding salt. Served chilled, often with mint or cucumber in summer.
  • AyranYogurt-based salty beverage, popular throughout the Turkic people of the North Caucasus and Azerbaijan.
  • Armenian coffee (հայկական սուրճ) — Strong, finely ground coffee brewed slowly in a special pot called a srjeb (սրճեփ) over low heat. It is traditionally made with coffee grounds, water, cardamom and in some versions, sugar.[61] It is served alongside desserts.[62]
  • Nogai Tea (Ногай Шай) — Salty tea brought in Northern Caucasus by the Nogais (Popular among the Dagestanis).
  • Sharbat (շարբաթ / شربت / Şerbet) — Beverage made from herbs (such as mint), or fruits, popular in Armenia, Iran and Azerbaijan.
  • Tach (ТӀач)Lak kissel made from cereals.
  • Tea (Çay / Թեյ / ჩაი / Чай / Цай) — Tea is an important beverage in the Caucasus. It is often served with murabba.
  • Jermuk (Ջերմուկ) — Carbonated mineral water from Jermuk (Armenia).
  • Borjomi (ბორჯომი) — Carbonated mineral water from the Borjomi Gorge.[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pokhlebkin, William Vasilyevich (2004) [1978]. Natsionalnye kukhni nashikh narodov (Национальные кухни наших народов) [National Cuisines of Our Peoples] (in Russian). Moskva: Tsentrpoligraf. ISBN 5-9524-0718-8.
  2. ^ Culture and Life. Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. 1982 – via Google Books. The Russian term, shashlik, has an interesting etymology: it would seem natural for the word to be borrowed from one of the Caucasian languages. But no, the Georgian for it is mtsvadi, the Azerbaijani, kebab. Shashlik is a Zaporozhye Cossack coinage from the Crimean Tatar sheesh (spit), brought to Russia in the 18th century, after Field-Marshal Mienich's Crimean campaign. Prior to the 18th century, the dish was called verchenoye, from the Russian vertel, spit.
  3. ^ Petrosian, I.; Underwood, D. (2006). Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore. Armenian Research Center collection. Yerkir Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4116-9865-9. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  4. ^ Williams, S. (2015). The Ethnomusicologists' Cookbook, Volume II: Complete Meals from Around the World. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-135-04008-6. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
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    ԲԱՂԱՐՋ, հայկական տոնական և ծիսական հաց։ Լինում է աղի ու անալի, որոնք ժող․ հավատալիքներում ունեն մոգական նշանակություն։ Bagharj — Armenian festive and ritual bread. It can be salty or unsalted, both of which hold magical significance in folk beliefs.

  53. ^ "Armenian Watermelon Rind Preserves (Մուրաբա)". Earth to Veg. 3 July 2021.
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Further reading

  • Beliaev, Edward; Oksana Buranbaeva (2005). Cultures of the World: Dagestan. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-2015-0.
  • Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper. A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (2nd ed.). London & New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
  • В. В. Похлебкин. Национальные кухни наших народов. Москва: Пищевая промышленность (in Russian), 1980. ISBN 978-5-9524-2783-9 (William Pokhlyobkin, Ethnic Cuisines of our Peoples. Moscow: Soviet Food Industry publishing house, 1980).