Leonid Kravchuk

Hero of Ukraine
Leonid Kravchuk
Леонід Кравчук
Kravchuk in 1991
1st President of Ukraine
In office
5 December 1991 – 19 July 1994
Acting: 24 August – 5 December 1991
Prime Minister
Preceded byMykola Plaviuk (as the last President in exile)[a]
Himself (as Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada)
Succeeded byLeonid Kuchma
1st Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
In office
24 August 1991 – 5 December 1991
Preceded byHimself (as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet)
Succeeded byIvan Plyushch
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR
In office
23 July 1990 – 24 August 1991
Preceded byVladimir Ivashko
Ivan Plyushch (acting)
Succeeded byHimself (as Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and President of Ukraine)
Member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of Ukraine
In office
4 June 1988 – 5 December 1990
People's Deputy of Ukraine
In office
15 May 1990 – 5 December 1991
ConstituencyVinnytsia Oblast, No. 39 (1990–1991)[1]
In office
25 September 1994 – 25 May 2006
ConstituencyTernopil Oblast, No. 364 (1994–1998)[2]
SDPU(o), No. 1 (1998–2002)[3]
SDPU(o), No. 5 (2002–2006)[4]
Personal details
Born(1934-01-10)10 January 1934
Żytyń Wielki, Poland
(now Velykyi Zhytyn, Ukraine)
Died10 May 2022(2022-05-10) (aged 88)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Resting placeBaikove Cemetery, Kyiv
Political partySocial Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (1994–2009)
Other political
affiliations		Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1958–1991)
Independent (1991–1994)
Spouse
​
(m. 1957)​
Children1
Residence(s)Koncha-Zaspa, Kyiv, Ukraine
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician
Signature
Part of a series on
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Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk[b] (Ukrainian: Леонід Макарович Кравчук, IPA: [leoˈn⁽ʲ⁾id mɐˈkɑrowɪtʃ krɐu̯ˈtʃuk]; 10 January 1934 – 10 May 2022) was a Ukrainian politician who was the first president of Ukraine, serving from 5 December 1991 until 19 July 1994. Kravchuk's presidency was marked by Ukraine achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the handover of its post-Soviet nuclear arsenal and an economic crisis that ultimately resulted in him losing re-election. Prior to his presidency, he was Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada. After leaving office, he served as a People's Deputy of Ukraine from the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united).

Born to a family of peasants in Volhynia, Kravchuk's early life was significantly impacted by World War II and the postwar nationalist insurgency. He joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks, working as a propagandist. He became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR in 1990, amidst the 1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He opposed the 1991 Soviet coup attempt, and subsequently led Ukraine to become independent from the Soviet Union.

Kravchuk became Ukraine's first democratically-elected president in 1991. As president, Kravchuk formed an informal alliance between his national communists and national democrats, an ideological group succeeding Ukraine's Soviet dissidents. He sought to build a centralised state, opposing federalism, and established an independent Armed Forces of Ukraine, additionally giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal. He supported the possibility of Ukrainian membership in the NATO military alliance.

Kravchuk's presidency saw the enrichment of the former nomenklatura and a failure to undertake economic reforms, caused by uncertainty over the correct measures to take. Ukraine's gross domestic product contracted by 40% during his time in office. In the wake of strikes by coal miners, Kravchuk called snap elections for Ukraine's parliament and presidency; he was defeated both times in 1994, being succeeded as president by Leonid Kuchma. After his presidency, Kravchuk remained active in Ukrainian politics, serving as a People's Deputy of Ukraine and the leader of the parliamentary group of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) from 2002 to 2006.

Early life

Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk was born on 10 January 1934[5][6] in the village of Velykyi Zhytyn (Żytyń Wielki) to an ethnic Ukrainian peasant family. At that time the village was part of the Second Polish Republic. It was annexed into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, when Kravchuk was a child.[6]

Kravchuk's family belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Mykhailivska Church in Velykyi Zhytyn, and he later recounted that his family was deeply religious. Kravchuk's birth and baptismal records, recorded by the church, have since been lost; local newspaper Volyn speculated in 2018 that it may have been removed or destroyed at Kravchuk's behest in order to improve his image in Soviet circles as an atheist. As a child, Kravchuk shared his family's religious beliefs, and the first recorded mention of his name was around the Christmas of 1942, when an article by Ulas Samchuk in Nazi collaborator newspaper Volyn noted him among local children singing koliadky and donating 40 karbovantsiv to the Ukrainian Red Cross Society. Kravchuk later recalled that he became an atheist in his childhood, a fact he said his mother sought to change by seating him under icons to pray.[7] Kravchuk's parents worked under Polish landowners, and his father served in the Polish Army before being killed in World War II.[6]

Kravchuk's childhood was significantly affected by World War II, particularly the activities of the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which was active between 1943 and the late 1940s in western Ukraine, particularly Kravchuk's native Volhynia. American historian and political scientist Alexander J. Motyl wrote in 1995 that "Unlike someone from the Sovietized parts of the country, Kravchuk was well aware of the armed struggle led by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and of the 'insurgent republics' that served as pockets of sovereignty in the forests of Volhynia[.]" Motyl noted that the presence of nationalist mass movements in western Ukraine, including the OUN and the nationalist-influenced Communist Party of Western Ukraine, likely influenced Kravchuk's outlook towards communism and nationalism in a way that most other Soviet politicians did not experience.[8] Motyl also posits that Kravchuk's childhood experience living under German occupation was likely traumatic.[9] According to Russian independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta, some newspapers since perestroika have claimed that Kravchuk secretly brought food to members of the UPA as a child.[10]

Kravchuk married a mathematics teacher, Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura, in 1957.[11][12] First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993, Barbara Bush (wife of 41st American President George H. W. Bush), described Antonina in her memoirs: "She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics".[12] Kravchuk studied accounting at a vocational school in Rivne between 1950 and 1953 before attending Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University.[13] Kravchuk graduated at 24, specialising in Marxist political economy, and began working as a teacher of political economy in the southwestern city of Chernivtsi before entering politics.[14] He took part in the International Visitor Leadership Program, a professional exchange run by the US State Department.[15]

Communist Party career

Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and became a member of the party apparatus in Chernivtsi Oblast in 1960. He later became a member of the Kyiv-based Central Committee of the CPU in 1970. Kravchuk became head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in 1980, focusing on agitprop.[16]

Kravchuk's activities as a member of the Communist Party were, from the outset, primarily involved in the spread of ideological propaganda, particularly what the party referred to as "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism".[17] He celebrated the establishment of what he referred to as "political discotheques" in 1984, and advocated for greater amounts of books, films and works of theatre which negatively depicted imperialism and capitalism, in what Motyl described as an "unabashedly Brezhnevite" taste in media.[16] In 1982, he advised the Central Committee to fight the Catholic Church's ostpolitik by destroying symbols associated with the banned Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, arresting its adherents, and investigating churches, cemeteries and sermons for elements perceived as pro-Catholic.[17]

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR

Kravchuk in 1990 as the 1st Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada

He became a member of the Ukrainian Communist Party Bureau in 1989, and on 23 July 1990, became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, becoming the republic's nominal head of state. On 24 October 1990, the Communist Party's monopoly on power was abolished, and thus, Kravchuk became not only the nominal, but also the actual head of the republic.[18]

After the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup attempt, Kravchuk, who did not support the attempt to remove Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev from power and resigned from the Communist Party.[19] After the Verkhovna Rada passed the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August, the constitution was amended to create the post of President of Ukraine. Before the vote for the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Kravchuk was instrumental in persuading the communists parliamentary majority to accept the opposition's demands of Ukrainian Independence.[20] Participants in the Belovezha talks said Kravchuk rejected any efforts to keep the Soviet Union going with reforms.[21]

Following the Act of Declaration of Independence Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both de facto and de jure head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters formally elected him president in Ukraine's first presidential election. Just a few days before on 1 December, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union—a move which Kravchuk now fully supported. This made Kravchuk the first head of state of independent Ukraine.[18]

Presidency

Kravchuk was inaugurated as Ukraine's president on 5 December 1991 in a ceremony conducted by the Verkhovna Rada. At the same event, the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was renounced by the Rada. The event had heavy symbolism in Ukraine, and, according to researchers Paul D'Anieri, Robert Kravchuk and Taras Kuzio, was regarded by some as a renunciation of the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement, which had led to the incorporation of the Cossack Hetmanate into the Russian Empire. Kravchuk, recognising the gravity of the ceremony, said, "The empire which endured for 337 years no longer exists, and Ukraine is the author of its destruction."[22]

On 6 May 1992, Kravchuk met President George H. W. Bush in the United States and signed an agreement for the full removal of all nuclear tactical weapons from Ukrainian territory by 1 July, and in return obtained a credit line of $110 million to buy U.S. commodities.[23] It led to the signing of the Budapest Memorandum. The document was signed on 5 December 1994 at the summit of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Budapest. In it, Ukraine, a nuclear power at that time, voluntarily gave up its nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees.[18]

Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the Belavezha Accords, dissolving the Soviet Union, 8 December 1991

Kravchuk achieved and strengthened the formal sovereignty of the country. He took a pro-European stance, developing relations with the West and signing a cooperation accord with the European Union.[6] The Kravchuk administration walked a tightrope between escalation of Ukrainian–Russian tensions and a policy of cooperation with Moscow.[24] Kravchuk's primary support base as President was an informal coalition of national communists and moderate national democrats, who emerged out of the Ukrainian Soviet dissident movement. Kuzio describes Kravchuk's circle in this time as a "party of power", and notes that he deliberately avoided declaring a political party or movement. According to Kuzio, Kravchuk's reticence in formalising his movement was based on both a desire to avoid negative attention from anti-communists and the general unpopularity of political parties in Ukraine.[25]

Kravchuk was strongly opposed to Viacheslav Chornovil's proposals for federalism, an attitude which Kuzio credits as being shaped by the defeat of Ukrainian forces in the War of Independence.[26] He introduced a system of "presidential representatives" (Ukrainian: представники, romanized: predstavnyky) at the oblast and local levels, similar to the French prefect system.[27] The presidential representatives, legalised with the support of the SPU, New Ukraine and most national democrats (including the opposition Rukh party), were given broad powers, including implementation of local budgets, acts of the central government and suspension of local officeholders.[28] Bohdan Harasymiw of the University of Alberta blames Kravchuk's presidential representative system for weakening grassroots democracy.[27]

Kravchuk also advocated for significant attention to be given to the formation of an independent Armed Forces of Ukraine, citing the failure of the War of Independence.[26] He refused to retain the common armed forces and currency inside the Commonwealth of Independent States.[29] On 2 July 1993, the Ukrainian parliament approved the statement; 'Ukraine advocates the creation of an all-embracing international system of universal and all-European security and considers participation [therein] a basic component of its national security'.[30]

Ukraine under Kravchuk welcomed the idea of NATO enlargement. As president, he never opposed the expansion of the alliance or the possibility of a future Ukrainian membership to NATO. This was reflected in his disdain for military cooperation with Eurasian structures, such as the Tashkent CIS Collective Security Treaty, in favour of European security structures. He said that "the best guarantee to Ukraine's security would be membership to NATO." He repeated his support for an immediate Ukrainian membership to NATO in 1994.[31]

Ukraine and Russia argued over many issues, including how the Soviet Navy's Black Sea Fleet should be divided. In May 1992, Russia's Supreme Soviet voted to declare the Soviet government's 1954 grant of Crimea to Ukraine an illegal act. Ukraine opposed this decision. The status of the Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Sevastopol and the Crimea was not resolved by a 20-year lease agreement until 1997, three years after Kravchuk left office.[32]

As part of what Robert Kravchuk refers to as a "Faustian bargain", the national democrats, chiefly Rukh, supported Kravchuk and his formerly-communist nomenklatura allies in nation-building in return for an impromptu agreement against political and economic reforms. The nomenklatura, particularly from eastern Ukraine, received important economic portfolios, something economist Volodymyr Zviglyanich criticised as leading to the retrenchment of the Soviet-era elite under Kravchuk's leadership.[33] During Kravchuk's presidency, there was general agreement among Ukraine's politicians that while economic reforms were necessary, neoliberal shock therapy policies, as in Russia, were undesirable. Kravchuk was left uncertain of how to deal with the economy; he openly stated in January 1993 that if he knew what to do, he would have told the country's government and economic managers to do it. Low levels of state control led to rampant corruption, including buying raw materials sold between post-Soviet states at below-market prices before selling them to the West or obtaining government-backed loans.[34]

Under Kravchuk's leadership, Ukraine's economy slumped as corruption linked to privatization of Soviet-era industry thrived.[18][35] Ukraine's economic woes caused a decline in Kravchuk's political popularity, sparking governmental infighting. Political tension reached a point in the fall of 1993 that the then-prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, resigned. By 1994, in less than three years of Kravchuk's presidency, the country's GDP had shrunk by 40 percent.[32][35]

Downfall

Independent trade unions of coal miners in the eastern Donbas region began striking on 2 September 1992, in protest of Kravchuk's refusal to guarantee that they would be granted workers' benefits and compensation. These strikes were joined by transport workers in February 1993.[36]

In a bid to stem the strikes, Kravchuk dissolved the Verkhovna Rada on 17 June 1993 and called snap parliamentary and presidential elections for the next year. While observers had expected low turnout and apathy, 75% of Ukrainians turned up to vote. The result demonstrated an emerging ideological clash between eastern Ukraine and Crimea, where the refounded Communist Party of Ukraine was strong, and central and western Ukraine, where the moderate national-democratic Rukh performed well. The New York Times quoted Volodymyr Lanovyi, an economist who had been fired by Kravchuk for advocating for market reforms, as saying "Although we do not have final results, it is clear that Kravchuk is the loser. The big turnout is a big moral blow to him." Kravchuk's former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma, who had announced his candidacy in the presidential election, won 91% of the vote in his district. Ivan Plyushch, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and another rival of Kravchuk, also won his seat by a majority of votes, as did Chornovil, who was expected to again face off against Kravchuk in the presidential election.[37]

Following the first round of the parliamentary election, Kravchuk called for the presidential election, scheduled for June 1994, to be cancelled in a 25 March address and that he required emergency powers from the Rada to undertake economic reforms and fight organised crime. 120 primarily national-democratic deputies supported Kravchuk's call for greater powers; Rukh reluctantly endorsed his demand to postpone the elections, arguing that to do so without reforming electoral laws would cause a political crisis. The Communist Party soon took control of the Rada's leadership, and blocked efforts to postpone or cancel the presidential election.[37]

Kravchuk ran for a second term as president in 1994 but was defeated by Kuchma, with his loss being attributed to the rampant graft and the declining economy.[18][38]

Post-presidency

Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o)). He served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 until the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[19][39]

In February 2003, Oleksandr Moroz, the leader of the Socialist Party of Ukraine, accused Kravchuk and other 300 public high-ranked officials of being members of the Freemasons.[40]

During the 2004 presidential elections Kravchuk actively supported the candidacy of Viktor Yanukovych,[41] and was a member of the Yanukovych team that negotiated with the opposition in the aftermath of that disputed election. In November 2004 he told the media that he was afraid that the resulting crisis would cause the disintegration of the country, intensifying movements for certain regions of Ukraine to join other countries.[42]

On 25 September 2009, Kravchuk declared during an interview with the newspaper Den that he left SDPU(o) and became unaffiliated again. He explained this based on the fact that his former party decided to join the Bloc of Left and Center-left Forces to run for the 2010 presidential elections. He was indignant due to the fact that the political council of the party decided to accomplish that behind the closed doors in non-democratic order. He called it [the] "block as the artificial union without any perspectives".[43][44] Kravchuk endorsed Yuliya Tymoshenko during the 2010 presidential elections campaign.[45]

During the 2010 election campaign, he accused incumbent president Viktor Yushchenko of having "turned into Yanukovych's aide. He has actually turned into an also-ran. His task is to slander Yuliya Tymoshenko every day and prevent her from winning [the presidential elections]".[46] Kravchuk explained his shift in support from Yanukovych to Tymoshenko was caused because he felt Yanukovych "turned his back" on all the issues Kravchuk wanted him to address as president: the Ukrainian language, culture, and the Holodomor. "Only the dead or the stupid do not change their views", he stated in December 2009 when he also voiced the opinion that voting for Yanukovych in the second round of the 2010 elections would indicate an anti-Ukrainian position.[47]

Kravchuk in Poland in June 2013.

In July 2020, Kravchuk was chosen to represent Ukraine at the Trilateral Contact Group (formed to facilitate a diplomatic resolution to the war in Donbas), being appointed to replace Leonid Kuchma.[48][49] He maintained this position until February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine.[39][50]

Death and funeral

Kravchuk had heart surgery in June 2021. He was reportedly in ill health by this time. On 29 June 2021, he missed the solemn meeting of the Verkhovna Rada on the occasion of Constitution Day due to heart surgery. After surgery, Kravchuk was placed in intensive care and connected to a ventilator. In July, the media reported that Kravchuk had been in intensive care for a month.

On 10 May 2022, a family member told the Ukrainian News Agency that Kravchuk had died at the age of 88, after a long illness.[19] His death was also confirmed by unnamed officials in Kyiv, as well as Andriy Yermak, head of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's office.[51] He died a week after Belarus's Stanislav Shushkevich, another signatory to the Belovezh Accords, died in Minsk. On 11 May, President Zelenskyy issued a decree establishing the Kravchuk Prize in his memory.

His funeral ceremony took place on 17 May at the Ukrainian House in Kyiv, and was attended by President Zelenskyy and First Lady Olena Zelenska as well as three former presidents of Ukraine: Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, and Petro Poroshenko. In addition, guests included his wife Antonina, Mayor Vitali Klitschko of Kyiv, Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov, and former politicians Oleksandr Kuzmuk, Oleksandr Moroz, and Mustafa Dzhemilev. He was buried at Baikove Cemetery.[52]

Personal life

Kravchuk married Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura in 1957.[12][11] She rarely attended official events with her husband.[11]

Kravchuk and his wife had one child, Oleksandr Leonidovych Kravchuk (born 1959), president of the State Company "Nafkom-Ahro" and the former FC Nafkom Brovary. Kravchuk had two grandchildren and one great-granddaughter. After Kravchuk stopped working for the Ukrainian state, he lived in a state-owned dacha in Koncha-Zaspa.[53]

Legacy

He is often associated as a key figure in achieving Ukraine's independence and in giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal.[5][50][51]

Former Belarusian leader, Stanislav Shushkevich, who took part in the Belovezha talks and signed the deal, said; "Kravchuk was focused on Ukraine's independence, he was proud that Ukraine declared its independence in a referendum and he was elected president on 1 December 1991." Following his death, Ukrainian Minister of Defense, Oleksii Reznikov, said, "Thank you for the peaceful renewal of our Independence. We're defending it now with weapons in our hands." Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, Andriy Yermak, said it was "Sad news and a great loss," describing Kravchuk as "a wise patriot of Ukraine, a truly historical figure in gaining our independence."[6] Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy paid tribute to Kravchuk, calling him not just a historical figure but "a man who knew how to find wise words and to say them so that all Ukrainians would hear them."[51]

Awards and honors

Notes

  1. ^ Authority transferred on 22 August 1992.
  2. ^ In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Makarovych and the family name is Kravchuk.

References

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Bibliography

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