1877 German federal election

1877 German federal election

10 January 1877 (1877-01-10)
All 397 seats in the Reichstag 199 seats needed for a majority
Registered	8,943,028 4.92%
Turnout	5,422,647 (60.64%) 0.60pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Rudolf von Bennigsen Ludwig Windthorst Otto von Helldorff Party NlP Centre DKP Leader since 1867 26 May 1874 7 June 1876 Last election 26.86%, 147 seats 27.72%, 91 seats 6.78%, 21 seats[1] Seats won 127 93 40 Seat change 20 2 19 Popular vote 1,440,266 1,341,295 517,811 Percentage 26.67% 24.83% 9.59% Swing 0.19 pp 2.89 pp 2.81 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   DFP Polen Leader Viktor I, Duke of Ratibor Party DRP DFP Polish Party Last election 7.49%, 32 seats 8.83%, 48 seats 4.02%, 14 seats Seats won 38 34 14 Seat change 6 14 0 Popular vote 424,228 412,769 216,157 Percentage 7.85% 7.64% 4.00% Swing 0.36 pp 1.19 pp 0.02 pp
Map of results (by constituencies)
President of the Reichstag before election Max von Forckenbeck NlP President of the Reichstag after election Max von Forckenbeck NlP

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A federal election for the third Reichstag of the German Empire was held on 10 January 1877.^[2] It was a regularly scheduled election based on the three-year legislative period established in the imperial constitution. The voting was strongly influenced by the economic downturn that had followed the Panic of 1873. Conservative, protectionist parties and, to a lesser extent, social democrats gained seats at the expense of liberal and free trade parties, particularly the National Liberals

The sharp economic downturn that began in late 1873 significantly affected the 1877 Reichstag election. Known in Germany as the "founders' crash" (Gründerkrach) because it followed the period of rapid growth after the founding of the Empire in 1871, the worldwide Panic of 1873 triggered an economic depression that lasted until 1879 in Germany. Particularly hard hit were workers who lost their jobs and members of the middle class who relied on income from stocks.^[3]

The economic problems caused Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to shift away from the free trade policies supported by the National Liberals, who were the largest party in the Reichstag. In an early reaction to his policy changes, Rudolph von Delbrück, head of the Reich Chancellery and a strong proponent of free trade, resigned in 1876. The same year saw the founding of the German Conservative Party, which supported protectionism and endorsed Bismarck's overall policies.^[4]

On the political Left, the rival General German Workers' Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV) and Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SDAP) merged in 1875 to form the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD).^[5] The hardships that the working class faced because of the founders' crash led to a strengthened sense of solidarity among them that was reflected in the SAPD's showing in the 1877 election.^[6]

The election was held under general, equal, direct and secret suffrage. All German males over the age of 25 years were able to vote except for active members of the military and recipients of poor relief. The restrictions on the military were meant to keep it from becoming politicized, while men on relief were considered to be open to political manipulation. The constitutional guarantee of a secret vote was not safeguarded at the time, since ballot boxes and polling booths were not introduced until 1903.^[7]

If no candidate in a district won an absolute majority of the votes, a runoff election was held between the first and second place finishers. It was possible for a replacement candidate to be introduced in a runoff.^[8]

The election overall was favorable to Bismarck. The German Conservative Party gained 19 seats, the liberal-conservative German Reich Party 6 and the Socialist Workers' Party 3. In spite of losing 20 seats, the National Liberals remained the largest party in the Reichstag. The other major loser was the liberal German Progress Party, down 14 seats. The new Löwe-Berger Group, which had split from them in 1874,^[9] won 9 seats. Turnout was just under 61%.

Notes:

After two assassination attempts against Emperor Wilhelm I in May and June 1878 and disputes over the planned Anti-Socialist Law that Bismarck introduced as a result, the third Reichstag was dissolved by the Emperor at Bismarck's request, and a new election was held on 30 July 1878.^[12]