Voiceless labial–velar fricative

Voiceless labial–velar fricative
ʍ
xʷ
IPA number169
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʍ
Unicode (hex)U+028D
X-SAMPAW
Braille⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
Voiceless labial–velar approximant
w̥
Audio sample
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The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨xʷ⟩ or occasionally ⟨ʍ⟩. The letter ⟨ʍ⟩ was defined as a "voiceless [w]" until 1979,[1] when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b].[2] The IPA Handbook describes ⟨ʍ⟩ as a "fricative" in the introduction[3] while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximant" [4].

Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥],[5] a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ], or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[6] Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[7] especially in older Scots, where it was [xw].[8] Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so [w̥] must be the same as [xʷ]. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.[9] They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[10]

Features

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

Occurrence

Family Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Eskimo-Aleut Aleut[11] Atkan hwax̂ [ʍaχ] 'smoke'
Bering ʼЎaӽ
Celtic Cornish SWF hwi [ʍi] 'you all'
Germanic English Conservative Received Pronunciation[12] whine [ʍaɪ̯n] 'whine' English /ʍ/ is generally a labio-velar fricative or approximant.[6] It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically there is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General American[13] and New Zealand English[14] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[12] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Cultivated South African[15]
Conservative General American[13]
Irish[15][16] [ʍʌɪ̯n]
Scottish[15][17][18]
Southern American[19] [ʍäːn]
New Zealand[14][17][20] [ʍɑe̯n]
Athabaskan Hupa[21] xwe꞉y [xʷeːj] 'his property' A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Sino-Tibetan Kham Gamale Kham ह्वा [ʍɐ] 'tooth' Described as an approximant.[22]
Northwest Caucasian Kabardian тхуы [txʷə]ⓘ 'five' In Adyghe, it is pronounced [f].
Iranian Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) خویشک / xwîşk [xʷɪʃk] 'sister'
Kalhori (Southern) خوەش / xweş [xʷæʃ] 'nice'
Salishan Lushootseed dxʷʔiyb [dxʷʔib] 'Newhalem, Washington'
Iranian Persian Classical Persian خواستن / xwâstän [xʷɑːs.ˈtan] 'to want' In modern standard dialects of Persian, the pronunciation has evolved to a simple Voiceless velar fricative ([x]) sound.
Salishan Shuswap secwepemctsín [ʃəxʷəpəməxˈtʃin] 'Shuswap language'
Slavic Slovene[23][24] vse [ˈʍsɛ] 'everything' Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[23][24] See Slovene phonology.
Washo (isolate) Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
  2. ^ International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
  3. ^ IPA 1999: ix
  4. ^ IPA 1999: 136
  5. ^ For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) Historical Linguistics, 4th edition, page xxii.
  6. ^ a b Ladefoged (2006), p. 68.
  7. ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
  8. ^ Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 510.
  9. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
  10. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
  11. ^ Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) [Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. ISBN 978-5-09-002312-2.
  12. ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
  13. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
  14. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
  15. ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
  16. ^ Wells (1982), p. 432.
  17. ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
  18. ^ Wells (1982), p. 408.
  19. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
  20. ^ Wells (1982), p. 610.
  21. ^ Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
  22. ^ Wilde (2016).
  23. ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  24. ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.

References

  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas, archived from the original on 2007-01-29
  • International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 433–513, ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrwhq.15
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
  • Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
  • Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195
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