Candidatus Thorarchaeia

"Candidatus Thorarchaeia"
Temporal range: Neoarchean–Present
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Promethearchaeati
Phylum: Promethearchaeota
Class:

"Candidatus Thorarchaeia" is a class within the kingdom Promethearchaeati. The kingdom Promethearchaeati represents the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes. Since there is such a close relation between the two different domains, it provides further evidence to the two-domain tree of life theory which states that eukaryotes branched from the archaeal domain. Kingdom Promethearchaeati are single cell marine microbes that contain branch-like appendages and have genes that are similar to Eukarya.[2][3] The kingdom Promethearchaeati is composed of "Candidatus Thorarchaeia", Promethearchaeota, "Candidatus Odinarchaeota", and "Candidatus Heimdallarchaeota".[4][3] "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" were first identified from the sulfate-methane transition zone in tidewater sediments. "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" are widely distributed in marine and freshwater sediments.

Discovery

"Candidatus Thorarchaeia" were discovered by analyzing estuary sediments obtained from the White Oak River in North Carolina. Estuaries are brackish bodies of water where fresh and marine water meet, providing a rich and unique area of nutrients.[5] A PhD student at the University of Texas discovered new characteristics of "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" that live under sediment and with anoxic properties. The graduate students further proved that the archaea aided in the degradation of organic matter, carbon fixation, and sulfur reduction.[6] "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" genomes that were obtained from the marine appeared to have diversity in metabolic pathways with the potential of degrading and uptaking proteins and carbohydrates.[7]

Description

"Candidatus Thorarchaeia" have not been cultured in a laboratory. What is known about "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" has come from analyzing partial and near complete genomes. 3,029 proteins have been sequenced from the partial genomes.[8] These genomes contain genes that suggest that "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" may have the ability to degrade organic matter, suggesting a role in the carbon cycle and an intermediate role in the sulfur cycle. Genes have been found for a near complete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway but lacked the genes for formate dehydrogenase. This could be due to having incomplete genomes. Thorachaeota may use the tetrahydromethanopterin Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to reduce carbon dioxide.[9] "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" have genes for protein degradation and assimilation which include the genes clostripain and gingipain. They also have genes for extracellular peptidases. These genes may suggest that the main carbon source for "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" is proteins and peptides.[7] "Candidatus Thorarchaeia" sequenced partial genomes also have the genes for glycolysis present. They are missing the genes for hexokinases; however, they have the genes for pyruvate kinases and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase. The presence of the genes for these enzymes may play a role in the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Genes have been found for nitrogen fixation in most samples containing the partial genomes; however, no genes for the nitrite reduction catalyzing enzymes have been found.[9] Some of the sequenced partial genomes have near complete Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathways and have been found to use type IV RuBisCO. While other phyla within the Promethearchaeati kingdom use type III and type IV RuBisCO, none have the Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathway.[9][3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Zhang, Jiawei; Feng, Xiaoyuan; Li, Meng; Liu, Yang; Liu, Min; Hou, Li-Jun; Dong, Hong-Po (7 May 2025). "Deep origin of eukaryotes outside Heimdallarchaeia within Asgardarchaeota". Nature. 642 (8069): 990–998. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08955-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12222021. PMID 40335687.
  2. ^ "Elusive Asgard Archaea Finally Cultured in Lab". The Scientist Magazine®. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kato, Shingo; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Miyazaki, Masayuki; Miyata, Makoto; Ogawara, Miyuki; Saito, Yumi; Sakai, Sanae; Tahara, Yuhei O.; Takano, Yoshinori; Tasumi, Eiji; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Yoshimura, Toshihiro; Itoh, Takashi (2024). "Promethearchaeum syntrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, obligately syntrophic archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Asgard' archaea, and proposal of the new archaeal phylum Promethearchaeota phyl. nov. and kingdom Promethearchaeati regn. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (7): 006435. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006435. ISSN 1466-5034. PMC 11316595. PMID 38967634.
  4. ^ Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna; Caceres, Eva F.; Saw, Jimmy H.; Bäckström, Disa; Juzokaite, Lina; Vancaester, Emmelien; Seitz, Kiley W.; Anantharaman, Karthik; Starnawski, Piotr; Kjeldsen, Kasper U.; Stott, Matthew B. (January 2017). "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity". Nature. 541 (7637): 353–358. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..353Z. doi:10.1038/nature21031. ISSN 1476-4687. OSTI 1580084. PMID 28077874. S2CID 4458094. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  5. ^ Adam, Panagiotis S; Borrel, Guillaume; Brochier-Armanet, Céline; Gribaldo, Simonetta (November 2017). "The growing tree of Archaea: new perspectives on their diversity, evolution and ecology". The ISME Journal. 11 (11): 2407–2425. Bibcode:2017ISMEJ..11.2407A. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.122. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 5649171. PMID 28777382.
  6. ^ "New Phyla of Microbes Identified". utmsi.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b Seitz, Kiley W; Lazar, Cassandre S; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Teske, Andreas P; Baker, Brett J (July 2016). "Genomic reconstruction of a novel, deeply branched sediment archaeal phylum with pathways for acetogenesis and sulfur reduction". The ISME Journal. 10 (7): 1696–1705. Bibcode:2016ISMEJ..10.1696S. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.233. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 4918440. PMID 26824177.
  8. ^ "Candidatus Thorarchaeota archaeon SMTZ1-83". www.uniprot.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Liu, Yang; Zhou, Zhichao; Pan, Jie; Baker, Brett J.; Gu, Ji-Dong; Li, Meng (April 2018). "Comparative genomic inference suggests mixotrophic lifestyle for Thorarchaeota". The ISME Journal. 12 (4): 1021–1031. Bibcode:2018ISMEJ..12.1021L. doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0060-x. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC 5864231. PMID 29445130.
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