Si Renfa

Si Renfa
Ruler of Möng Mao
Reign1413–1442
SuccessorSi Jifa
Died1445
Burma
IssueSi Jifa, Si Bufa, Si Lufa, and Zhao Sai (招賽)
FatherSi Lunfa

Si Renfa (?–1445; Chinese: 思任發; Tai Nüa: ᥔᥫᥴ ᥕᥪᥢ ᥜᥣᥳ), also known as Hsö Ngan Pha, was the ruler of Möng Mao from 1413 to 1442. During his reign, he repeatedly attempted to recover Möng Mao's former territory from the Ming dynasty, ultimately leading to the Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns and the fall of Möng Mao.

Name

Si Renfa's name is recorded differently across different languages. Chinese records such as the History of Ming and Ming Veritable Records refer to him as Si Renfa (思任發).[1][2] Burmese records such as the Hmannan Yazawin call him Tho Ngan Bwa (သိုငံဘွား).[3][4] Tai records call him Hsö Ngan Pha (Tai Nüa: ᥔᥫᥴ ᥒᥛᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ) or Si Renfa (Tai Nüa: ᥔᥫᥴ ᥕᥪᥢ ᥜᥣᥳ).[4][5]

Early Life

Si Renfa was the son of Si Lunfa and the younger brother of the previous Möng Mao ruler, Si Hangfa. In 1397, Dao Ganmeng, a subordinate ruler of Hsenwi, rebelled in what became known as the Dao Ganmeng rebellion, driving Si Lunfa out of Möng Mao.[6] At the time, Si Renfa was still a child, and he fled with his father to Yunnan where he was then kept as a political hostage, growing up in the residence of Mu Sheng, who treated him as a son.[7] Eventually, Dao Ganmeng ousted and Si Lunfa returned to Möng Mao, but he died soon after in 1399.[8][9] After Si Hangfa succeeded to the throne, the Ming court took advantage of the chaos and established numerous Tusi polities subject to their own rule, of which the major ones included Hsenwi, Möng Yang, and Möng Ting.[10] Si Hangfa was unable to cope with further attacks from Hsenwi and Möng Yang,[11] and he abdicated in favour of Si Renfa in 1413.[2]

Reign

Expansion

On becoming ruler, Si Renfa sought to improve relations with the Ming court, sending a total of 15 tribute missions between 1414 and 1440. He simultaneously began to invade neighbouring states which had become direct subjects of the Ming dynasty.[12] In 1422, Si Renfa launched a military campaign against the neighbouring polity of Nandian, which then appealed to the Ming court for help.[13] Si Renfa dispatched envoys to the Ming capital to present tribute and apologise.[14] Afterwards, he turned southwards, contesting territory with Hsenwi. Both states lodged complaints to the Ming court, prompting the Xuande Emperor to send envoys to mediate the conflict.[15]

Si Renfa gradually increased his military strength through years of preparation and recovery.[13] In 1428, he launched further attacks on Nandian, Tengchong, and the Lujiang region.[16][17] The Ming dynasty had just concluded its campaigns against the Lam Sơn uprising in Vietnam and the Songpan rebellion in Sichuan, leaving both the army and the populace exhausted. The Ming emperor rejected Mu Sheng’s proposal to mobilise 50,000 troops for a punitive expedition, declaring that armies would only be sent if absolutely necessary, and instead issued an imperial admonition to Si Renfa.[18][19]

In 1430, Si Renfa occupied Möng Yang.[20] In 1433, Hsenwi complained to the Ming court that Si Renfa had invading its territory, while Si Renfa countered that Hsenwi’s ruler, Han Menfa (罕門法), was invading his territory.[21] The Ming court sent the eunuch Yun Xian (雲仙) to Möng Mao with gifts of banknotes and other valuables, and instructed Si Renfa to make peace with Hsenwi.[22] In 1436, Si Renfa made a petition to the Ming court to have his debt of 2,500 taels (92 kilograms) of silver cancelled, claiming that Hsenwi’s incursions had caused his subjects to flee, which the young Zhengtong Emperor approved despite complaints from others in the court.[23]

After a decade of attacking neighbouring polities without facing any punishment from the Ming court, and now with an ample supply of grain and manpower from Möng Yang,[24] Si Renfa launched a large-scale campaign aiming to restore the extensive territory previously held by Si Kefa and Si Lunfa.[25] In 1436, he dispatched troops to attack Möng Ting and Wandian, Ming court approved a plan for a campaign against Möng Mao,[26] but in fact it did not happen. In 1437, he occupied areas under Nandian’s jurisdiction, including Luobosi Zhuang (羅卜思莊).[27] In 1438 he launched further attacks on Nandian, Ganya, Tengchong, Lujiang, and Jinchi,[28] constructing 300 boats on the Nu River to signal his intention to seize Yunlong.[29][30]

Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns

Main article: Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns

After seizing the territory of neighbouring polities, Si Renfa replaced Ming native officials with local rulers who were loyal to him, acts that were tantamount to rebellion.[31] In response, the Ming court dispatched the generals Mu Sheng, Fang Zheng, and Mu Ang at the head of 39,000 troops to suppress him.[32] Due to his personal relationship with Si Renfa, Mu Sheng was reluctant to resort to large-scale hostilities and hoped to bring him to submission through conciliation.[33] He therefore sent Che Lin (車琳), a commander of the Jinchi Guard (金齒衛), to persuade Si Renfa to surrender. Si Renfa feigned submission, and Mu Sheng believed him, making no move to cross the river.[34] Fang Zheng, greatly angered, refused to follow Mu Sheng’s command, and led his own troops across the river to engage Si Renfa’s general Mian Jian (緬簡).[35] He pursued the army deep into Möng Mao's territory, as far as Kongni (空泥), and Fang’s forces were ambushed by a war elephant phalanx. The Ming forces suffered a crushing defeat, and Fang Zheng was killed in action.[36][37]

After defeating the Ming army, Si Renfa advanced further, attacking Jingdong, Möng Ting, and Dahou. Several polities, including Möng Lem, surrendered to Möng Mao.[38] In 1439, the Ming court again ordered Mu Ang to lead 100,000 troops[39] in another campaign against Si Renfa, but this ended in another Möng Mao victory.[40] The successive defeats strengthened the “pro-war” faction at the Ming court, prompting the Yingzong Emperor to send Wang Ji, the Minister of War, at the head of 150,000 troops on an expedition against Möng Mao.[41][42]

The expedition was launched in 1441, and the Ming court called on Hsenwi, Ava, Chiang Hung, Lan Na, and other local states to mobilize their troops against Si Renfa.[43] The Ming army first defeated the Möng Mao general Dao Lingdao (刀令道) at Dahou.[44] Their forces then split into two columns, one captured Wandian and advanced to occupy Zhenkang and Möng Ting,[45] the other seized Shangjiang Fort (上江寨), a key Möng Mao stronghold,[46] before breaking through Si Renfa’s defensive works at Shamulong (杉木籠) and Ma’anshan (馬鞍山).[47] In early December of 1441, the two columns converged at the Möng Mao capital for a decisive battle with Si Renfa. Defeated, Si Renfa fled with his family along a side route, crossing the Shweli River and escaping to Möng Yang.[48][49]

Death

In 1442, the Burmese Kingdom of Ava sent an expedition north to Möng Kawng against Si Renfa. Thihapate, the governor of Taungdwin, captured Si Renfa and presented him to Ava's king, Narapati.[50][51] In March 1443, Narapati reported to the Ming court that he had taken Si Renfa prisoner[52] and used this as leverage to demand territory as a reward.[53] The Ming court agreed to cede Möng Mao lands near the Burmese border to Ava.[52] Ava then declared that it would only hand over Si Renfa if the Ming first executed his son, Si Jifa.[54]

In August 1443, the Ming court ordered Wang Ji to station his troops in Tengchong. Ava promised to deliver Si Renfa at Bhamo in the winter,[55] but the handover ultimately failed. According to one account, when the Burmese arrived at the agreed location, they did not find the Ming general Guo Deng, with whom they had previously negotiated, and hesitated to proceed.[56] Another account claims that although Ava had agreed to the handover, it was wavering in its intentions,[57] and when the appointed date came, the Burmese did not show up.[58] Subsequently, fighting broke out between the Ming and Burmese armies. The Ming forces were unable to secure victory, and the Burmese withdrew, taking the captive Si Renfa with them.[59][60]

In August 1445, Narapati informed Mu Ang that he would hand over Si Renfa to the Ming at the end of October, on the condition that Miao Sang (眇䫙), a region of Hsenwi, be placed under Burmese administration.[61] Hsenwi agreed to cede Miao Sang to Ava in exchange for Si Renfa.[62] In December 1445, the Ming general-in-chief of Yunnan, Mu Bin, dispatched the qianhu (chiliarch) Wang Zheng (王政) to receive Si Renfa from Ava. Coincidentally, the day was marked by a solar eclipse, and the sky grew dark. A shaman predicted, “the heavenly army is coming.” Out of fear, Narapati abandoned any further attempts at extortion and handed over Si Renfa, with his wife, children, and a total of 32 family members, to Wang Zheng.[63]

When Si Renfa was handed over to Wang Zheng, he had already been on a hunger strike and was on the verge of death. Wang Zheng then beheaded him, and his head was sent to the Ming capital.[63] The historian Liew Foon Ming argues that, as a qianhu, Wang Zheng would not have dared to execute Si Renfa, whom the court had been hunting for in the past eight years, on his own initiative. It is likely, Liew suggests, that the Ming court was afraid that Si Jifa and his brothers would come to rescue their father and ordered the immediate execution.[64]

Other Records

Some Chinese sources state that Yang Ning, the grand coordinator of Yunnan, promised the territory of Möng Yang to Ava. Narapati was greatly pleased with this, but feared retaliation from Si Jifa. Subsequently, Mu Bin dispatched the commander Li Ang (李昂) with troops to apply military pressure. As a result, Narapati beheaded Si Renfa and handed him over to the Ming court.[65][66][67]

According to Burmese records, Narapati requested assistance from the Chinese army to suppress Minye Kyawhtin, a high-ranking Burmese official who had rebelled and occupied Yamethin. The Ming sent four ministers and 10,000 cavalrymen to Yamethin, and they peacefully accepted the surrender of Yamethin without a battle. When the Ming troops returned to Ava, Si Renfa had already committed suicide by poisoning himself. Narapati handed over Si Renfa’s body to the Chinese forces, who disemboweled him and then dried and preserved the corpse.[68]

References

  1. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8114, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "十一年，行發請以其弟思任發代職，從之。"
  2. ^ a b Taizong Veritable Records, volume 136, page 1659, entry of 26th February 1413 (永樂十一年正月丙午): "麓川平緬宣慰使思行發孟外南硬陶孟土官刀發孟等各遣人貢馬思行發請以弟思任發代其職從之". English translation in "Yong-le: Year 11, Month 1, Day 26". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  3. ^ Hmannan Yazawin, volume 2, page 82 and 88: Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa
  4. ^ a b Scott 1900, p. 270.
  5. ^ Sai Aung Tun 2009, p. 103.
  6. ^ Taizu Veritable Records, volume 255, page 3679, entry of 10th October 1397 (洪武三十年九月戊辰): "麓川平緬宣慰使司刀幹孟叛逐其宣慰使思倫發". English translation in "Hong-wu: Year 30, Month 9, Day 19". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  7. ^ Dianshi, volume 11, page 308: "洪武时，思任随父北奔，尝质晟府，晟儿子畜之。"
  8. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8114, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "又命都督何福往討，未幾，擒幹孟歸，倫發始還平緬，踰年卒。"
  9. ^ Liew 1996, pp. 166–167.
  10. ^ Fernquest 2006, p. 49.
  11. ^ Wan 1985, p. 69.
  12. ^ Bai 1986, p. 57.
  13. ^ a b Dehong Dai Studies Association 2005, p. 135.
  14. ^ Taizong Veritable Records, volume 254, page 2360, entry of 29th December 1422 (永樂二十年十二月己亥): "麓川宣慰使思任發遣使奉表貢方物謝興兵侵南甸州之罪仍遣中官雲仙等賫敕戒之并賜之絨錦文綺表裏". English translation in "Yong-le: Year 20, Month 12, Day 16". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  15. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8115, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "宣德元年遣使諭西南夷，賜麓川錦綺有差，以其勤修職貢也。時麓川、木邦爭界，各訴於朝，就令使者諭解之，俾安分毋侵越。"
  16. ^ Xuanzong Veritable Records, volume 42, page 1025, entry of 17th May 1428 (宣德三年闰四月乙酉): "雲南總兵官太傅黔國公沐晟奏麓川宣慰使思任發侵奪南甸騰衝等處地方請發雲南貴州四川官軍五萬人及各處土兵討之". English translation in "Xuan-de: Year 3, Month Intercalary 4, Day 4". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  17. ^ Xuanzong Veritable Records, volume 42, page 1033, entry of 1st June 1428 (宣德三年闰四月庚子): "雲南總兵官黔國公沐晟言麓川宣慰思任發侵奪南甸路江等處村寨議調軍勦捕". English translation in "Xuan-de: Year 3, Month Intercalary 4, Day 19". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  18. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8115, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "敕任發保境安民，不得侵鄰疆，陷惡逆，以滋罪咎。晟以任發侵奪南甸、騰沖之罪不可宥，請發官軍五萬及諸土兵討之。帝以交址、四川方用兵，民勞未息，宜再行招諭。不得已，其調雲南土官軍及木邦宣慰諸蠻兵剿之。"
  19. ^ Fernquest 2006, p. 56.
  20. ^ History of Ming, volume 315, page 8151, entry of Mengyang (孟养): "宣德五年，刀玉賓奏：「伯父刀木旦被殺，蒙朝廷遣官訪玉賓，授同知，又阻於緬難，寄居金齒者二十餘年。今孟養地又為麓川宣慰思任發所據，乞遣兵送歸本土。」"
  21. ^ Xuanzong Veritable Records, volume 106, page 2372, entry of 15th November 1433 (宣德八年十月癸丑): "時木邦宣慰罕門法奏麓川平緬宣慰使思任發等據占境土思任發及緬甸宣慰莽得剌亦奏罕門法稱兵入境". English translation in "Xuan-de: Year 8, Month 10, Day 4". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  22. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8115, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "八年遣內官雲仙賫敕至麓川，賜思任發幣物，諭其勿與木邦爭地抗殺。"
  23. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8115, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "正統元年，免麓川平緬軍民宣慰司所欠差發銀二千五百兩。以任發奏其地為木邦所侵，百姓希少，無從辦納。部執不可，帝特蠲之。"
  24. ^ Dehong Dai Studies Association 2005, p. 136.
  25. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8116, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "次子任發襲為麓川宣慰，狡獪愈於父兄，差發金銀，不以時納，朝廷稍優容之。會緬甸之危，任發侵有其地，遂欲盡復其故地，稱兵擾邊，侵孟定府及灣甸等州，殺掠人民。"
  26. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 24, page 477, entry of 20th December 1436 (正統元年十一月甲辰): "至是雲南總兵官黔國公沐晟奏思任發侵占孟定府及灣甸等州殺掠人民焚毀甸寨事下行在兵部請令晟等計議撫捕何者為便從之". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 1, Month 11, Day 13". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  27. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 35, page 683, entry of 12th November 1437 (正統二年十月辛未): "雲南南甸州土官知州刀貢罕等奏麓川宣慰思任發侵奪其所轄羅卜思莊等處二百七十八村乞朝廷遣官齎金牌信符諭之俾退還所侵地". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 2, Month 10, Day 15". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  28. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 43, page 832, entry of 28th June 1438 (正統三年六月己未): "雲南總兵官黔國公沐晟等奏麓川宣慰思任發累侵南甸干崖騰衝潞江金齒等處". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 3, Month 6, Day 7". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  29. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 44, page 862, entry of 15th August 1438 (正統三年七月丁未): "雲南總兵官黔國公沐晟奏麓川賊思任發沿江造船三百艘欲取雲龍州等處". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 3, Month 7, Day 25". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  30. ^ Fernquest 2006, p. 57.
  31. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8116, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "於是晟奏：「思任發連年累侵孟定、南甸、幹崖、騰沖、潞江、金齒等處，自立頭目刀珍罕、土官早亨等相助為暴，叛形已著。近又侵及金齒，勢甚猖獗。已遣諸衛馬步官軍至金齒守禦，乞調大兵進討。」"
  32. ^ Annals of Dian-Yun, volume 6, page 292-293: "时，思任势甚猖獗，欲侵金齿。云南镇守三司奏调川、贵官军，令都督沐昂统往腾冲，相机剿捕。命调四川官军九千、云南官军三万，遣右都督布政署都督佥事张荣等率师讨之。悉听晟、昂节制。"
  33. ^ Nan Yuan Man Lu, volume 2, page 71, entry of Luchuan Barbarian (麓夷): "师至潞江，晟以思任幼尝育子于家，决意招之。"
  34. ^ Mingshi Jishi Benmo, volume 30, Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns (麓川之役), page 454: "至是晟遣指揮車琳等諭之降，思任佯許諾，晟信之，無渡江意。"
  35. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8116, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "政亦至軍，欲出戰，晟不可。政造舟欲濟師，晟又不許。政不勝憤，乃獨率麾下與賊將緬簡戰，破賊舊大寨。"
  36. ^ Mingshi Jishi Benmo, volume 30, Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns (麓川之役), page 454: "政渡江追至空泥，知晟不力援己，賊伏兵四起，出象陣衝擊，乃遣其子瑛還曰：「若急歸，吾死分也。」遂策馬突陣死，軍殲焉。"
  37. ^ Liew 1996, pp. 172–175.
  38. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8117, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "時任發兵愈橫，犯景東，剽孟定，殺大侯知州刀奉漢等千餘人，破孟賴諸寨，孟璉長官司諸處皆降之。"
  39. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 67, page 1291, entry of 14th June 1440 (正統五年五月丙辰): "勑諭雲南總兵官都督同知沐昂曰…朕以爾籌之必熟處之必當故命充總兵統衆十萬冀能成功豈意爾怯懦無為行師失律". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 5, Month 5, Day 15". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  40. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 67, page 1288, entry of 11th June 1440 (正統五年五月癸丑): "先是雲南總兵官左都督沐昂副總兵右都督吳亮左參將都督僉事馬翔右參將都督僉事張榮太監吳誠吉祥奉詔征麓川賊思任發至金齒逗遛不進昂等令榮率軍先至芒部等處出哨賊窺伺至營榮但令都指揮盧鉞與之敵致賊殺敗官軍榮悉棄符驗軍器以遁昂等相距甚邇弗為策應". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 5, Month 5, Day 12". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  41. ^ Zheng 1963, p. 32.
  42. ^ Liew 1996, pp. 175–177.
  43. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 76, page 1488, entry of 3rd March 1441 (正統六年二月戊寅): "給雲南木邦緬甸車里八百大甸威遠大候施甸各長官司信符金牌各一命其合兵勦麓川叛寇思任發也". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 6, Month 2, Day 11". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  44. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 82, page 1653, entry of 12th September 1441 (正統六年八月辛卯): "行在兵部郎中侯璡奏麓川叛寇思任發令賊首刀令道等十二人賊徒三萬餘象八十隻到大候州欲往景東威遠等處攻刼臣督同都指揮馬讓盧龯等率領官軍迎敵銃矢俱發一鼓而賊衆大敗斬首三百五十二級獲賊帳房旗鼓銃砲盔甲等物". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 6, Month 8, Day 27". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  45. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8117, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "右參將冉保從東路攻細甸、灣甸水寨，入鎮康，趨孟定。"
  46. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8118, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "至期，合攻之。賊拒守嚴，銃弩飛石，交下如雨。次日，乘風焚其柵，火竟夜不息。官軍力戰，拔上江寨，斬刀放戛父子，擒刀孟項，前後斬馘五萬余，以捷聞。"
  47. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8118, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "驥由南甸至羅卜思莊，前軍抵杉木籠。時任發率眾二萬余據高山，立硬寨，連環七營，首尾相應。驥遣宮聚、劉聚分左右翼緣嶺上，驥將中軍橫擊之，賊遁。軍進馬鞍山，搗賊寨。寨兩面拒江壁立，周回三十里皆立柵開塹，軍不可進，而賊從間道潛師出馬鞍山後。驥戒中軍毋動，命指揮方瑛率精騎六千突入賊寨，斬首數百級，復誘敗其象陣。"
  48. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8118, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "齊集麓川，守西峨渡，就通木邦信息。百道環攻，復縱火焚其營，賊死不可勝算。任發父子三人並挈其妻孥數人，從間道渡江，奔孟養。"
  49. ^ Liew 1996, pp. 177–182.
  50. ^ Fernquest 2006, p. 62.
  51. ^ Taw 1899, p. 37-38.
  52. ^ a b Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 101, page 2039, entry of 11th March 1443 (正統八年二月丙申): "勑總督雲南軍務兵部尚書靖遠伯王驥曰得奏緬甸宣慰使卜剌浪等報稱擒獲賊首思任發爾等已遣人諭令觧京具見用心及覽進到緬書彼切切以麓川地方為言盖論功行賞國家成憲如彼能擒恩任發觧京恩賞之施必不吝惜爾等即將附近彼處土地人民計議奏來處置". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 8, Month 2, Day 10". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  53. ^ History of Ming, volume 314, page 8118, entry of Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬): "未幾，任發為緬人擒，緬人挾之求地。"
  54. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 104, page 2110, entry of 17th June 1443 (正統八年五月甲戌): "麓川叛寇思任發竄身逃命苟延殘喘為爾緬甸所得爾嘗奏報欲送與總兵官解京及總兵官屢令人接取爾乃云必俟擒殺其子思機發等分撥與地方然後送來". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 8, Month 5, Day 20". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  55. ^ History of Ming, volume 315, page 8131, entry of Burma (緬甸): "是時，大師已集騰沖，緬使致書，期以今冬送思任發至貢章交付。"
  56. ^ Bao Jianjie [包见捷] (1603). 缅甸始末 [A Historical Account of Burma] (in Chinese). 骥遣使谕缅甸酋卜剌浪送思任父子，卜剌浪不遣，骥乃进兵。缅甸使来索金币、土地，欲以重臣往取任，骥难之，于是郭登请行，由金沙入缅，不十日至其国。卜剌浪来会，颇骄蹇，登折之。缅气阻，乃以董雅扣头听命，卜剌浪见登亦稽首。十二月，登至自缅国，其国相缅剌扎以思任载登楼船来献。时有疾登功者，乃议留登守沙坝，剌扎至贡章，不见登，迟疑不献。 Cited from The Collected Historical Materials of Yunnan, Volume IV, pp. 630–631
  57. ^ History of Ming, volume 171, page 4558, entry of Wang Ji (王驥): "緬人陽聽命，持兩端。"
  58. ^ History of Ming, volume 315, page 8131, entry of Burma (緬甸): "驥與剋期，遣指揮李儀等率精騎通南牙山路，抵貢章，受獻，而緬人送思任發者竟不至。"
  59. ^ Mingshi Jishi Benmo, volume 30, Luchuan–Pingmian Campaigns (麓川之役), page 457: "緬人擁眾大至，蔣貴率兵蔽江而下，焚其舟數百艘，大戰一晝夜，賊潰，思任發復遁去，俘其妻子，班師。"
  60. ^ Bao Jianjie [包见捷] (1603). 缅甸始末 [A Historical Account of Burma] (in Chinese). 焚其舟，大战一昼夜，我师败绩。剌扎竟持思任去。 Cited from The Collected Historical Materials of Yunnan, Volume IV, p. 631
  61. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 131, page 2609-2610, entry of 21st August 1445 (正統十年七月庚寅): "雲南縂兵官都督沐昂等奏緬甸宣慰使男卜剌浪馬哈省以速剌寫木葉文書約以十月終送賊首思任發到貢章地方就付金銀銕刻三箇為信要求管木邦眇䫙地方". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 10, Month 7, Day 19". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  62. ^ Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 145, page 2856, entry of 5th October 1446 (正統十一年九月庚辰): "兵部奏雲南木邦宣慰罕盖法先將金帛及割地與緬甸宣慰卜剌浪馬哈省以速剌易反賊思任發". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 11, Month 9, Day 15". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  63. ^ a b Yingzong Veritable Records, volume 136, page 2704-2705, entry of 14th January 1446 (正統十年十二月丙辰): "雲南千戶王政誅麓川賊思任發于緬甸先是總兵官黔國公沐斌等遣政齎勑幣諭賚緬甸宣慰男卜剌浪馬哈省以速剌索思任發卜剌浪馬哈省以速剌猶豫不即遣適晝晦二日術者曰天兵至矣卜剌浪馬哈省以速剌懼於是發思任發及其妻孥部屬三十二人付政時思任發不食已數日政慮其即死遂戮于市函首及俘馳獻京師". English translation in "Zheng-tong: Year 10, Month 12, Day 17". Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource. Translated by Geoff Wade. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.
  64. ^ Liew 1996, p. 186.
  65. ^ Bao Jianjie [包见捷] (1603). 缅甸始末 [A Historical Account of Burma] (in Chinese). 十年，侍郎杨宁、侯琎遣使，许以孟养之地易思任。卜剌浪喜，乃献思任首级并妻子败徒板蹇等至军门。 Cited from The Collected Historical Materials of Yunnan, Volume IV, p. 631
  66. ^ Annals of Dian-Yun, volume 7, page 307: "先是，敕缅卜剌浪并众头目，令解献思任，重加升赏。不至。洎杨宁为巡抚，使人许赏以孟养遗地易思任。卜剌浪且惧且喜，顿首承命。时，刀玉宾已故绝，遂割思任所有孟养地以畀之。卜剌浪以其长子银起莽居之，方函思任首级并妻子、贼徒扳蹇等解送军前。"
  67. ^ Dianshi, volume 11, page 312: "正统九年甲子，杨宁、侯琎遣使谕缅，许以孟养之地刀宾玉死，无嗣。易思任法。卜剌浪闻之喜过望，将械送思任，然惧其子思机伏而邀之，未敢行。黔国公沐斌遣都指挥李昂以兵临之，卜剌浪遂杀思任，函其首并械其妻及贼徒板蹇等来献。"
  68. ^ Fernquest 2006, pp. 62–63.

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