San Juan Hill massacre
 Firing squad about to execute Lieutenant Enrique Despaigne Noret during the San Juan Hill massacre. | |
| Date | January 12, 1959 |
|---|---|
| Location | Santiago de Cuba |
| Type | Massacre |
| Cause | War crimes committed during the Cuban Revolution by Batista collaborators. |
| Organized by | Raúl Castro |
| Deaths | 71-73 |
| Burial | Mass grave |
The San Juan Hill massacre or the Massacre of the 71[1] occurred on January 12, 1959 at San Juan Hill in Santiago de Cuba. It was the shooting of 71 collaborators of the Fulgencio Batista regime. After being convicted in speedy trials, 71 men were executed by firing squad and buried in a mass grave.[2]
Background
After the triumph of the Cuban Revolution on January 1, 1959, dozens of Fulgencio Batista's supporters and members of the armed forces and police were arrested and accused of war crimes and other abuses.[3] According to the American magazine Time, the majority of those accused:
"were proved killers whose twisted minds drew pleasure from pain. To extract secrets from captured rebels, they yanked out fingernails, carbonized hands and feet in red-hot vises. Castration was a major police weapon...."[2]
Archivos Cuba alleges that the majority of those accused had not committed any crime.[3] The 1940 Cuban constitution prohibited the death penalty, but that constitution was recently overturned.
Judgement
On January 11, a revolutionary court in Santiago de Cuba sentenced 4 individuals to death after a 4-hour summary trial[3] at the rate of 4 minutes for each sentence. It was directed by Belarmino Castilla Mas, Jorge Serguera acted as prosecutor[4] and everything took place in a frenzied atmosphere,[3] without defense lawyers or evidence that would incriminate them in previous crimes.[5]
The court was also presided over by Rebel Army Commander Raúl Castro, who was in command of the Oriente province. The Santiago rebels sentenced 68 more men to the death penalty, ten men were also sentenced to 10 years in prison and 47 were acquitted.[2] Prisoners were taken from the Boniato prison in trucks to a shooting range at San Juan Hill, where a large crowd had gathered to cheer for the executions.[2]
Shootings and testimonies
On January 12, 1959, around 2:00 AM, the executions began. The men were lined up, one by one, and shot in front of a 40-meter ditch.[3] Between 71 and 73 Cubans were executed and buried in a mass grave that had been dug some time before the trial. Raúl Castro directed the massacre.[1]
The list for the firing squad contained 72 names, but one managed to evade the squad, presumably thanks to personal contacts.[3] He was a 15-year-old boy nicknamed El Fiñe. Three other prisoners of the total reconcentrated in galley No. 8 of the Boniato prison also managed to escape.[4] Father Jorge Bez Chabebe accompanied each of the victims to their execution and confirmed that the shootings continued until ten in the morning.[3] The journalist Antonio Llano Montes, a witness to the event, believed there were live victims among those shot who died of asphyxiation trying to dig their way out.[1]
The Massacre was particularly announced and glorified by the official press at the time,[1] in order to quell the population demanding executions. The victims were deprived of most basic legal process.[3] Some in the international community condemned the executions. Uruguay's delegate to the United Nations, the Cuban ambassador to Argentina, the liberal US senator Wayne Morse and the governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín, protested. Fidel Castro's response was:
“We have given orders to shoot every last one of those murderers, and if we have to oppose world opinion to achieve justice, we are willing to do so".[2]
In 1963, Hurricane Flora unearthed some of the bodies, removing them above ground and leaving them visible to everyone. The government relocated the bodies in heavy concrete tombs[1] and thrown into the depths of the Cayman Trench.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e Shiling, Julio M. (2019-01-11). "La Masacre de la Loma de San Juan: sesenta años después". Cubanet (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ a b c d e "The Vengeful Visionary". TIME. 1959-01-26. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "La masacre de la Loma de San Juan ordenada por Raúl Castro" (PDF). Archivos Cuba. 2022.
- ^ a b "La madrugada de los 71 asesinatos de Raúl Castro Ruz". CiberCuba (in Spanish). 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
- ^ CubaNet (2022-07-07). "La revolución del crimen: cinco grandes masacres perpetradas por el castrismo". Cubanet (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-30.