Richmond region water issues

This article is part of a series on the
Richmond region water system
  • January 2025 Richmond water crisis

The Richmond region water system has had a spate of major issues in 2025, collectively described here as the Richmond region water issues. These events were preceded by years of flooding at the plant, and preceded further by years of neglect.

On June 5, 2025, rumors of a boil-water advisory were dispelled by the city. The rumors had started because there was a brief interruption in the SCADA system that controlled one of the pumps and tanks.[1]

An editor at the Brockovich Report who has covered water crises around the country said that these sorts of crises are inevitable. She encouraged Richmond to have a water crisis response plan in place because of this inevitability, and said that the city would need to earn back residents' trust. To do this, she urged regular communication from the city.[2]

Hurricane Isabel

In 2003, Hurricane Isabel hit the state and caused a 4-day boil-water advisory. It knocked out power to the Richmond water treatment plant, affected multiple pumping stations in Chesterfield, and caused a failure in its Swift Creek water treatment plant.[3]

The issue caused Mark Warner, then governor, to call for water facilities to have additional generator capacity. While the city was initially reticent because of the initial planned $48 million cost, the city eventually installed generators only at the water plant, instead of at the water plant and the pumping stations, for a cost of $17 million. Those generators

2020s flooding

This section is an excerpt from Richmond region water system § 2020s flooding.[edit]
Some amount of flooding in the basement was common before the crisis,[4] and this type of flooding had previously shut down water production for periods up to 6 hours.[5] The city had assumed that those events were normal due to the plant's design[4] and age.[6] It was found that specific flooding events in 2020 and 2021 could have caused similar failures as the 2025 one, but that the state was not notified when those occurred.[4] The filter gallery valves in the basement were intended to remove any flooding water, but are inefficient to manually operate because there are 22 valves that take time to operate by hand, and because it is dangerous to manually operate them when the basement is flooded. Further, their placement is such that water released from the valves can quickly come back into the basement due to the outflow being near the intake point.[7]

2023 chemical spill

In August 2023, employees at the plant offloaded a chemical into the wrong storage tank. The chemicals were not added into the drinking water supply. A call was made from the plant to inform another operator of the issue. An environmental firm had to come the next day to pump out the contaminated chemicals from the tank, but there was no adverse effect to the tank.[8]

The spill was caused by an operator, who erred by not following procedure. Disciplinary action was recommended, but it is unclear if that happened. Supervisors noted that training may not have solved the issue, as both the operator and supervisor on duty that day were Class 1-trained waterworks operators.[8]

January 2025 water crisis

This section is an excerpt from Timeline of the January 2025 Richmond water crisis.[edit]

In January 2025, the city of Richmond, Virginia and its surrounding localities suffered water distribution outages due to a blizzard which impacted much of the United States.[9] The issues started on the morning of Monday, January 6, and were mostly resolved by Saturday, January 11. The localities' water systems are interconnected, meaning that problems in Richmond City led to problems across the region. Richmond was the most impacted, followed by Henrico to the immediate north. Henrico is bordered on the north by Hanover County and on the west by Goochland County, which also faced some impacts. Chesterfield County, to the south of Richmond, was impacted very little, as they were able to effectively switch water sources and have very few customers who directly receive water from the city.During the crisis itself, boil-water advisories were issued for all of Richmond and Henrico, parts of Hanover and Goochland, and for 27 people in Chesterfield. These regional partners had to adapt by shutting off their own water supply from Richmond, which caused impacts there, particularly in Henrico County.

Communication issues between the city and Henrico County, and between the city and its water customers, contributed to response difficulties. Impacts were widely felt, with hospitals, schools, and sporting events being among those facing cancellations and service interruptions. Cooperation among localities and between localities and the private sector helped to mitigate some of the issues.

The event had political implications, because the Virginia General Assembly had to recess until Monday, January 13; they had originally been scheduled to start their session on Wednesday. Governor Glenn Youngkin activated the Virginia National Guard, which was made easier because of the state of emergency that had been declared earlier in the week. He called for an after-action review to more fully understand the crisis. Further, Jason Miyares, the Attorney General of Virginia, said that he would aggressively prosecute price gouging. The outage happened roughly a week into newly elected mayor Danny Avula's administration, and multiple commentators discussed his performance.

Full water service was returned by Thursday and Friday, January 9 and 10, but the boil-water advisory was not lifted until the afternoon of Saturday, January 11 due to testing requirements mandated by the Virginia Department of Health's (VDH) Office of Drinking Water (ODW). These were also required for Henrico County.[10]

Multiple state regulators and outside reviewers pointed to a lack of speedy information-sharing as contributing to the crisis, and the crisis put the issue at the head of legislators' minds, although people had brought up the issue beforehand.[11]

Multiple internal and external investigations were held to determine the causes of the crisis and the next steps for the affected localities, the region as a whole, and the state. Richmond's audit identified infrastructure, communication, and planning struggles as the main cause of the crisis. The reports of Hanover and Henrico focused on how communication failures from the city hampered their ability to respond.

April 2025 fluoride discharge

The city's fluoridation system was damaged due to the crisis; it had been non-operational since.[12] A new fluoride pump was installed on Wednesday, April 23. This installation led to a temporarily higher level of fluoride in the water for roughly 5 hours,[13] due to a fluoride overfeed of nearly 5,900 gallons.Valves were left open during the pump's installation, which allowed water to flood into the fluoride storage tank and then back into the main supply through the pump that was being installed.[12] An employee at the plant called Chesterfield Police and claimed that the city had poisoned the water with fluoride. The police department called the county's department of public utilities, who contacted both VDH and the water plant. VDH contacted Henrico, who contacted Avula via a text from Vithoulkas. Avula texted plant staff and Joy-Hogg on Monday morning, asking why he hadn't been told; they said that they had just learned of the issue on Sunday evening and were going to contact the counties that morning.[14]

The city tested system-wide and found that fluoride levels were all elevated; the city actively flushed those lines where the secondary limit of 2.0 mg/L was reached.[13] The incident was considered an acute exposure, and the city said water remained safe to drink,[13] with which VDH concurred, saying that no public health risk was identified by the state toxicologist.[12] However, they did say that city staff's lack of knowledge on how to conduct additional fluoride tests[12]—the samples would have been needed to be diluted to bring them within the range measurable by the instrument, and the instruments needed to be recalibrated after the water crisis[15]—might have meant that the concentration was higher than reported at some points.[12] Chesterfield issued a statement that its water remained safe,[16] but found that its fluoride levels peaked at 3.86 mg/L at one connection point,[12] which was closer to the Maximum Contaminant Level than the high levels reported by other tests. While the city stopped adding fluoride to the water after the dump, they returned the system to full operational status as of Tuesday, May 20. The city returned to full compliance and planned to gradually increase the level of fluoride to recommended levels.[12]

Avula apologized for the failure.[14] Henrico and Hanover counties criticized the city's failure to alert them;[13][17] they were only alerted by VDEM on Sunday night.[16] Chesterfield was alerted by local emergency staff.[12] The VDH was also not notified within the required 24-hour period. Avula apologized for the city's failure to communicate,[13] and Abubaker echoed the sentiment. While she called on the Communications department to be better, she said that Avula was doing his best and relying on people who were invested in city government staying the same.[16] The Virginia Department of Health issued the city an additional Notice of Alleged Violation, which contained 3 detailed notices of violation: allowing the discharge to occur, not responding effectively after it occurred, and failing to notify state regulators in a timely manner.[15] The city said that its Standard Operating Procedures for communications had not yet been updated.[12] The state said that better communication between maintenance and operations staff could have prevented the situation.[12]

The city's notifications, released the following Monday, April 28, recommended that children under 9 not drink the water and that alternate sources should be considered for people in that age group.[16] The state said that Richmond should reissue its press releases to notify customers that fluoride levels may have been higher than measured,[12] a recommendation that was not addressed by the city.[15]

The city began collecting daily fluoride samples, replacing and recalibrating equipment, and making sure that operations staff are able to collect readings correctly.[15]

Henrico used the occasion to further its calls for a regional water authority.[17]

Jon Baliles criticized the city, because he said that it should not have taken so long for the communication procedure to be formalized.[18]

May 2025 boil-water advisory

A picture of a tank, dirtied by alum sludge, at the Richmond Water Treatment Facility

Timeline

Tuesday, May 27

Early in the morning[19] on Tuesday, May 27, filters at the water plant became clogged due to high levels of turbidity.[19] Morris said that the cause of the clog was unknown; while high sediment levels in the James are common at this time of year, he suggested that an unusual pH level might have contributed to the issues.[20] An official at the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, said that, while higher turbidity was common in higher flood levels, and a monitor immediately upriver had measured the river as reaching moderate flood stage on May 15, no notable instances of sediment release had been noted upriver. Morris said that extremely poor water quality caused more issues than the filters were able to handle.[21]

The filter clogs caused water production to be reduced.[22] The city followed new Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) instituted after the January 2025 water crisis, including those related to communication. In doing so, they initially determined that the water pressure was high enough[19] (above 20 psi)[20] to be able to avoid a boil-water advisory.[19]

The system was returned to full production, but after an hour of running at that level, the filters reclogged, leading to once-again-diminished water production.[19] The city took filters offline in both Plants 1 and 2, cleaned them, and then brought the system back online.[23] At around 11:00 am,[19] having tested all of the city tanks,[23] water pressure in areas served by the Ginter Park tank were determined to be low enough as to warrant a boil-water advisory.[19] That tank is smaller than the others, making it easier for its water pressure to drop.[21] The city published a map of affected areas and asked all residents to conserve water.[19][24]

Henrico and Hanover had staff onsite to assist city staff in the restoration of water service from the Ginter Park tank.[25] Both Richmond and Henrico activated their emergency operations centers to keep abreast of the issue.[26] Glenn Youngkin said that ODW officials were actively investigating. Avula apologized, but said that the city and DPU were moving in the right direction and that rebuilding systems was going to take time.[26]

At around 12:45 pm, City Council asked for an update at its scheduled 4pm informal meeting, but later postponed the meeting to Monday, June 2.[20] After asking for clarification on conflicting back-to-back news updates, City Council had to publish its own conflicting news update.[26] City Hall remained open.[27] The mayor held a press conference at 3 pm, and the city published another update at around 4:45 pm.[19]

Around 6:45 pm, the city expanded the boil-water advisory to those areas served by the tank.[19][27] These areas include Manchester and the Route 1 corridor. The city removed Windsor Farms from the list of neighborhoods required to boil their water.[27]

At around 7pm, the DPU took the first set of samples from the affected areas, once safe pressures had returned. In an update published around 9 pm, the city indicated that the second set of samples would be taken at around noon on the next day, Wednesday, May 28. An additional update was published at around 11:30 pm[19]

Surrounding counties

Neither Henrico, Hanover, nor Chesterfield went under a boil-water advisory.[22] The city remained in close contact with the state and its regional partners throughout the issue. Chesterfield, who was notified around 12:45 of the issue,[23] was able to stop pulling water from the city at around 2 am;[22] the 27 residents who experienced issues during the January water crisis did not experience those issues this time around.[23] Henrico County was notified around midnight of the issue, and was able to close its water tanks by 7:30 am out of an abundance of caution. In the wake of the water crisis, the county had ensured that its water tanks in the North and West would always be filled to capacity, and had conducted drills to be able to respond to emergencies such as this. The county planned to serve its customers with water from those tanks until the city is able to test its water per VDH requirements, and did not foresee the need to issue a boil-water advisory. Henrico sent staffers to the city's plant to assist in repairs.[28] During the response and recovery, Henrico worked closely with Hanover, which was also impacted.[22] Hanover was notified around midnight[23] and sent out a notice to its customers that its water was safe,[22] but that county residents might experience reduced water pressure in the Ashland and Doswell areas as the county slightly reduced pressure to adjust for the outage.[23] Avula and Morris noted that alerts to the public happened much later than alerts to the surrounding counties so that they could take steps to reduce demand on the system and allow officials at the plant more time to make and execute a plan of action.[24]

Wednesday, May 28

Overnight, the plant operated as expected, producing water at a rate of around 50-68 MGD. Significant steps were taken towards filling the water tanks and main reservoir. Pressure in the two areas under the advisory had stayed well above 20 psi since the prior evening.[19]

Also overnight, Henrico refilled the six water tanks that serve Eastern and Northern Henrico from its plant in the West End, so that residents in those areas could continue to receive water despite being disconnected from their normal water source, the Richmond water plant. Relatively low water use and the rainy weather helped in refilling the tanks.[25]

In two update published at around 8:30 am and 9:00 am, respectively, the city said that the reservoir was at around 9 feet, and that it was expected to continue rising, despite morning being a high-demand time period. Most of the filters at the plant had been cleaned by being backwashed. The Department of Neighborhood and Community Services, starting Tuesday, had organized bottled-water distribution through partner organizations and support agencies to critical priority communities, which included healthcare facilities, senior-living facilities, manufactured home communities, public-housing neighborhoods, shelters, and RPS. Bottled-water distribution was expected to continue through 4:30 pm. The city reiterated that samples would take 24 hours to be returned after their testing time; only after 2 negative tests, taken 16 hours apart, being returned would the city be able to end the boil-water advisory.[19] The tests were done in a city-run lab.[29]

In an update from around 1:00 pm, the city said that the second set of tests had been pulled around noon from the impacted zones, and that the first set's results would be released that evening. A later update said that the tests were pulled around 11:40 am.[19]

At around 4:00 pm, the water plant was producing 60 to 65 MGD, but four filters were still having mechanical issues.[20]

In two updates published around 10:15 pm and 10:30 pm, respectively, the city said that the first round of samples had returned negative. It also stated that about 140,000 bottles of water had been distributed across the city, including to three communities not mentioned previously: newcomer communities, recovery homes, and childcare providers.[19]

Thursday, May 29

The advisory was lifted as of 2:30 on Thursday,[30] following the second set of tests returning back negative.[19] Residents did not need to flush their water system.[19]

Henrico water main break

On the night of Thursday, May 29, a water main break was experienced on Canal Street in Richmond that seriously impacted Richmond City's ability to provide water to Henrico's customers in the eastern and northern portions of Henrico, leading the county to declare a state of emergency.[31] The leak, partially attributable to aging infrastructure, caused a large sinkhole in the ground.[32] The flow of water to the Church Hill tank was reduced, which provides water to these areas. The pipe was able to transport some water, but not at the normal level, leading to the issues. During a repair process on Thursday night, the city determined that a permanent repair could not be made without impacting the flow to the county's customers, along with customers in certain areas of the city.[33] The county's tanks' level had been made lower because the county's earlier disconnection from the city required it to serve all of its customers in affected areas with tank water.[34] The county replenished the tanks in the night during the period of low water usage, but not to the extent that officials would have liked.[23] The outage contributed to fluctuating water pressures in those areas. A boil-water advisory did not have to be issued, but water conservation was encouraged.[23] The process of refilling the system was completed many times.[31] The county coordinated with the city on which valves to close and which to open.[33]

Water bubbling out of the ground came from a separate valve replacement project. The project continued after the main was fixed and was to take many weeks to be completed.[32]

This caused the county to open its emergency operations center and make hundreds of pallets' worth of bottled water available for distribution at the former Best Products Headquarters on Friday.[34] Glen Lea Elementary was also closed on the last day of the school year.[31] Harvie Elementary School was also used as a distribution site on Saturday.[33]

The county asked to have its own engineers at the water plant in order to increase communication and to have additional experienced engineers at the site.[35]

Officials planned to refill everything once again starting on Friday night; once that was completed, they planned to disconnect once again from the city, allowing the city to repair the main.[34]

On Saturday afternoon, the city said that it was accelerating its timeline for repairs to the main, such that they would start at 10 pm on Sunday. It would be temporarily shutting off water to the county to allow for repairs, but said that it had provided enough water since Friday both to meet daily usage demands and fill the county's reserve tanks.[23]

Nelson said that the county had sent engineers to the site to help with the water plant.[33]

The emergency declaration was ended in a Board of Supervisors resolution on June 11.[36]

Both NBC 12[32] and the state[37] asked if the issue was at least partially attributable to the May issue at the plant, but the city didn't want to answer without all of the information. A VDH official pointed to pressure differences from the crisis being at least part of the issue. Another possibility is that contractors working on the valve replacement project accidentally hit the line.

Impacts and response

Water distribution

While the city didn't offer public water distribution, Henrico did.[23]

Schools and hospitals

Area hospital systems faced minimal interruptions.[23]

Richmond Public Schools said on Tuesday that the majority of its schools had water pressure, but that all schools were covering their water fountains as a precautionary measure. All schools except Albert Hill Middle School followed a normal dismissal schedule.[20] About 48,000 water bottles were distributed to students on Wednesday, with distribution concentrated in the morning, but all schools followed a normal schedule. The district's graduation proceedings at the Siegel Center had minimal interruptions, despite staff diversions for water and food distribution. The district planned to continue distributing prepackaged food and water through May 30, the last day of school. At least 2 schools not impacted by the advisory had covered their water fountains Wednesday as a precautionary measure.[23]

VCU campuses remained open.[20]

Food-service and sporting establishments

Restaurants were able to continue operating if they were able to comply with VDH requirements.[21] Multiple food-service establishments expressed dissatisfaction with having a repeat of the January water crisis.[26]

The Diamond was inside the boil-water zone, but retained its water pressure; the Squirrels played on this night, offering discounted bottled water.[27]

Aftermath and investigations

On Wednesday evening, a meeting was held in Council chambers with City Councilors with Morris. Morris said that the tanks had fully recovered and that the turbidity levels coming out of the plant were normal and within accepted ranges. In response to a series of questions by Councilwoman Kenya Gibson, Morris did say that a lot of improvements to the water system could be made, along with improvements to SOPs and training procedures.[38]

City Councilwoman Reva Trammell blamed former Richmond mayor and 2025 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial candidate Levar Stoney for the second outage, saying that he had $155 million in the budget that he failed to use on infrastructure spending. She asked that people not blame Mayor Avula or his administration, as problems of this nature take time to fix.[23]

Avula apologized for the confusing messaging, where conflicting messages were sent within a few hours of each other on Tuesday morning. He attributed this to the dynamic nature of the situation.[23]

At the Wednesday meeting, Avula attributed the plant's issues to delayed maintenance. Morris said that the basins at the facility hadn't been cleaned since March, and were cleaned on an as-needed basis. He said that the city was going to be moving to a monthly rotating model, with one of the four basins cleaned every week.[23] The outlet found that a maintenance request at the plant had been filed May 12 to clear "alum sludge" off the plate settlers, which are a component of the filtration system. According to the staff member, they had become "clogged." On May 14, a staff member said that it was "not a good time" for the filters to be cleaned.[39]

The standard is to clean the filters every 7 days, according to Joel Paulsen, an engineering expert consulted by CBS 6. He also said that the plant should be able to handle high turbidity levels coming off the James. Morris said that a great number of new procedures were being identified. City officials attributed the failure to high turbidity levels and unclean filters;[39] the lack of cleanliness was attributed to human failure. Too much alum had accumulated on the plate settlers. Morris declined to comment on more specifics, attributing this to an unwillingness to discuss personnel matters, saying that he would hold the individuals accountable.[40]

The city planned to conduct an after-action analysis to determine what went wrong, in collaboration with VDH.[19] Morris said that the turnaround time for the results of this analysis would be a few weeks at most.[20]

Avula said that the rapid changes in personnel and practices may have contributed to the incident. He said that the necessary changes would take years to implement. Both Avula and Morris said that the changes would help, but that they couldn't guarantee a lack of further incidents.[40]

Jon Baliles said that the city would be less able to attract large businesses in the wake of these water issues.[41]

Contrary to popular belief, the cancelled $12 million FEMA grant would not have solved the issue.[42]

Henrico

Henrico County Supervisor Tyrone Nelson called for substantial changes.[23]

County officials used the occasion to renew calls for additional regional water oversight via an authority. While Vithoulkas expressed frustration with the water main break, he did thank Mayor Avula and the city for their successful communication. Officials noted their lack of desire to "kick [Richmond] while it was down," but rather note their frustration and use that to push for greater regional collaboration.[35]

Nelson said the county is working with others on a regional water plan, which they said that they will present soon.[35]

References

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  2. ^ "'Brockovich Report' editor unsurprised by Richmond's water woes". The Richmonder. 2025-05-28. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
  3. ^ Martz, Michael (2025-01-12). "Hurricane Isabel: Richmond still learning from past failures". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  4. ^ a b c "State health department finds years of 'neglect' behind Richmond water crisis". VPM. 2025-04-17. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
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  9. ^ Edwards, Joe (January 8, 2025). "How did Richmond's water crisis happen?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 9, 2025. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
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  38. ^ Davis, Shantel (2025-05-29). "Richmond water samples pass first round of testing, officials say". NBC 12 On Your Side. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
  39. ^ a b "Work order shows cleaning of Richmond water plant filters was apparently delayed: 'Should be a high priority'". CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR. 2025-05-28. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
  40. ^ a b "Richmond officials say delayed maintenance was a factor in clogs at water plant". The Richmonder. 2025-05-29. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
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