PG 2112+059

PG 2112+059
SDSS image of PG 2112+059.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationEquuleus
Right ascension21h 14m 52.58s[1]
Declination+06° 07′ 42.36″[1]
Redshift0.459000[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity137,605 km/s[1]
Distance4.889 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)15.77
Characteristics
TypeBAL
Other designations
2MASS J21145258+0607423, KODIAQ J211452+060742, 2XMM J211452.5+060742, 2CXO J211452.5+060742[1]

PG 2112+059 is a Seyfert type 1 galaxy located in the northern constellation of Equuleus. The object has a redshift of (z) 0.459 estimating a light-travel time of 4.88 billion light-years from Earth[1] and was first discovered in 1983 by astronomers from the Bright Quasar Survey (BQS).[2] It is also classified as a bright absorption-line quasar because it displays broad absorption lines in its spectrum.[3][4][5]

Description

PG 2112+059 is a high ionization broad absorption-line quasar (HiBAL).[6] Although X-ray weak,[7] it has signs of X-ray spectral variability with it displaying a normal X-ray continuum like other radio-quiet quasars, according to observations. Evidence also pointed out, there is also a decrease to its continuum normalization by 3.5, with the absorption column density rising upwards.[8] A weak iron fluorescent line was detected based on observations of its X-ray spectra suggesting it was caused through reflection of a neutral material. The spectra itself is interpreted by two scenarios; either by ionized layers or reflection of its ionized accretion disk.[9] A deep minimal state was recorded for the quasar in 2003 with a decreased flux in 0.2-12 KeV.[10]

The host galaxy of PG 2112+059 is best described as a luminous elliptical galaxy based on its elliptical profile measurement with a supermassive black hole mass of 9 x 109 Mʘ.[11][12] Its radial profile is found to be fitted by a modified deVaucoulers's law profile and it has a spheroid appearance with no signs of elongation.[12] It has a companion galaxy located nearby from it by 16 arcseconds away with a suggestion of a bar-like extension located within the inner section of quasar host itself, given the difference in axis direction.[13] Two other companion galaxies are located by 10 arcseconds away from the quasar's nucleus.[11]

The quasar displays evidence of broad emission bands in its spectra. When observed with mid-infrared spectroscopy obtained with Spitzer Space Telescope, it shown to have traces of ionized magnesium amorphous silicates, as well as detections of corundum suggesting the clear evidence of clumpy structures located in the dust forming regions of the quasar. Additionally, periclase elements were also found, indicating they was formed through the cooling process of interstellar dust forming gas.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "NED Search results for PG 2112+059". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-08-17.
  2. ^ Schmidt, M.; Green, R. F. (June 1983). "Quasar evolution derived from the Palomar bright quasar survey and other complete quasar surveys". The Astrophysical Journal. 269: 352–374. Bibcode:1983ApJ...269..352S. doi:10.1086/161048. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ^ Gallagher, Sarah (July 2001). "An Absorption Study of PG 2112+059: the X-Ray brightest BAL QSO Known". HST Proposal: 9277. Bibcode:2001hst..prop.9277G.
  4. ^ Saez, C.; Brandt, W. N.; Gallagher, S. C.; Bauer, F. E.; Garmire, G. P. (2012-10-15). "The Long-Term X-Ray Variability of Broad Absorption Line Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 759 (1): 42. arXiv:1209.1816. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759...42S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/759/1/42. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Saez, Cristian (September 2014). "Constraining the Wind-Shield Scenario of PG 2112+059". Chandra Proposal: 4450. Bibcode:2014cxo..prop.4450S.
  6. ^ Saez, C; Brandt, W N; Bauer, F E; Chartas, G; Misawa, T; Hamann, F; Gallagher, S C (2021-06-17). "The X-rays wind connection in PG 2112+059". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 506 (1): 343–356. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1706. ISSN 0035-8711.
  7. ^ Schartel, N.; Rodríguez-Pascual, P. M.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Clavel, J.; Guainazzi, M.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Piconcelli, E. (2005-04-01). "The XMM-Newton view of three X-ray weak quasars: Iron emission and strong ionized absorption" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (2): 455–465. Bibcode:2005A&A...433..455S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041802. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. ^ Gallagher, S. C.; Brandt, W. N.; Wills, Beverley J.; Charlton, J. C.; Chartas, G.; Laor, A. (March 2004). "Dramatic X-Ray Spectral Variability of the Broad Absorption Line Quasar PG 2112+059". The Astrophysical Journal. 603 (2): 425–435. arXiv:astro-ph/0311401. Bibcode:2004ApJ...603..425G. doi:10.1086/381494. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Schartel, N.; Rodríguez-Pascual, P. M.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Ballo, L.; Piconcelli, E. (2010-03-01). "A long hard look at the minimum state of PG 2112+059 with XMM-Newton". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 512: A75. arXiv:0912.4456. Bibcode:2010A&A...512A..75S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912389. ISSN 0004-6361.
  10. ^ Schartel, N.; Rodríguez-Pascual, P. M.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Ballo, L.; Clavel, J.; Guainazzi, M.; Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Piconcelli, E. (2007-11-01). "XMM-Newton observation of the deep minimum state of PG 2112+059 - A spectrum dominated by reflection from the accretion disk?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 474 (2): 431–441. arXiv:0709.2412. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..431S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077812. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ^ a b Márquez, I.; Petitjean, P.; Théodore, B.; Bremer, M.; Monnet, G.; Beuzit, J.-L. (2001-05-01). "Adaptive optics imaging of low and intermediate redshift quasars" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (1): 97–106. arXiv:astro-ph/0103232. Bibcode:2001A&A...371...97M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010359. ISSN 0004-6361.
  12. ^ a b Fynbo, J. U.; Møller, P.; Thomsen, B. (March 2001). "Deep imaging of Q2112+059: A bright host galaxy but no DLA absorber". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 368 (2): 408–413. arXiv:astro-ph/0101064. Bibcode:2001A&A...368..408F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010003. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ Hutchings, J. B.; Neff, S. G. (July 1992). "Optical Imaging of QSOs With 0.5 Arcsec Resolution". The Astronomical Journal. 104: 1. Bibcode:1992AJ....104....1H. doi:10.1086/116216. ISSN 0004-6256.
  14. ^ Markwick-Kemper, F.; Gallagher, S. C.; Hines, D. C.; Bouwman, J. (2007-10-11), "Dust in the Wind: Crystalline Silicates, Corundum, and Periclase in PG 2112+059", The Astrophysical Journal, 668 (2): L107 – L110, arXiv:0710.2225, Bibcode:2007ApJ...668L.107M, doi:10.1086/523104
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