Night (Ralph poem)

Night, a Poem in Four Books
by James Ralph
Title page (London, 1728)
CountryGreat Britain
LanguageEnglish
Subject(s)Night; London; mortality
Genre(s)Blank-verse meditation
FormBlank verse
PublisherJ. Roberts
Publication date1728
Linesc. 1,100

Night, a Poem in Four Books is a 1728 blank verse poem by the British writer James Ralph. Issued in quarto by the London printer J. Roberts, the work is organised in four books (≈1,100 unrhymed pentameter lines) that meditate on urban corruption, mortality and nocturnal imagery. Written during the brief vogue for descriptive blank verse inaugurated by James Thomson’s The Seasons, the poem attracted contemporary notice largely through Alexander Pope’s satirical allusion in the 1729 Dunciad Variorum. Modern critics treat Night both as an early graveyard-school text[1] and as a Whig political allegory of urban corruption.[2]

Publication

The quarto imprint lists J. Roberts in Warwick Lane as publisher; copies sold for one shilling. Unlike many Grub Street pamphlets, the title page openly credits Ralph as author.[3] Letters to the Reverend John Gough between February and June 1727 record Ralph canvassing London booksellers, drafting subscription proposals, and persuading the British Journal of 24 June 1727 to print long extracts from each book of the still-unfinished poem.[4] Although the subscription volume never appeared, a quarto edition of Night was issued in early 1728, with a re-issue dated 1729 advertising companion pieces such as Temperance and Myror.[5]

During this period Ralph was in financial distress—borrowing widely and appealing to friends for loans—yet, as McKinsey observes, remained “wildly optimistic that his serious poems would sell well.”[6]

Structure and themes

Organised in four books, Night belongs to the vogue for discursive blank-verse landscape poems launched by James Thomson. Cecil A. Moore calls the poem “written in imitation of Thomson’s Winter” and cites Ralph’s own 1729 preface as evidence that he chose “so grave a subject” partly because “Mr. Thomson’s admirable poems were generally received with applause.”[7]

Robert W. Kenny describes it as “a conventional season poem” whose unrhymed pentameter—though Ralph’s preface praises Milton—“owes much” in diction and end-stopped cadence to Thomson’s Winter (1726) and Summer (1727). Alongside graveyard reflections on London after dark, the poem interpolates descriptive set-pieces of Greenland, the West Indies, and Niagara Falls.[8]

Eric Parisot reads the nocturnal setting as “a metaphoric prayer closet,” waking “the studious soul to solemn thought” and offering solace “Wrapp’d in thy shades.”[1]

Elizabeth R. McKinsey interprets the work as a Whig “ancient-liberty” allegory warning against metropolitan corruption.[9] She also argues that, although Ralph probably did not influence Thomson’s technique directly, “the volume of his early poetry, all unrhymed, contributed substantially…to the weight of Thomson’s example set for later poets.” In the preface Ralph defends blank verse because it “affords the largest room for variety of expression, strength of images, and beauty of metaphors,” a form that, he claims, “exposes his meaning in the strongest light.”[10]

Reception

Night received little contemporary notice until Alexander Pope’s satirical attack on it in the second edition of his Dunciad (1728). Ralph had replied to the first edition with a satire of his own, Sawney. An Heroic Poem Occasion’d by the Dunciad. Pope later claimed he “had never even heard of Ralph” until Sawney appeared;[11] nevertheless, he added a couplet mocking both Ralph and Night:[12]

“Silence, ye wolves! while Ralph to Cynthia howls,
And makes Night hideous—answer him, ye owls.”

— Alexander Pope (1729), [13]

Pope’s scorn “sealed Ralph’s fate,” and writers in Pope’s circle—especially the Grub-Street Journal[9]—attacked virtually everything Ralph wrote, dismissing Night as a “loose pindarick” and calling the poem “all digression … the big Meanwhile.”[10]

Legacy

Ralph followed Night with further verse, notably the Spenserian pastiche Zeuma (1729), but contemporary indifference to his early blank-verse experiments pushed him toward more commercial genres. By 1728–30 he had turned to satire in prose (The Touch-Stone), poetry (Sawney), and drama (The Fashionable Lady), the first of several career pivots that would mark his next three decades as a writer.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Parisot 2011, p. 184.
  2. ^ McKinsey 1973, pp. 60, 65.
  3. ^ Ralph 1728.
  4. ^ McKillop 1961, pp. 46–49.
  5. ^ McKillop 1961, p. 50.
  6. ^ a b McKinsey 1973, p. 62.
  7. ^ Moore 1916, p. 291.
  8. ^ Kenny 1940, p. 220.
  9. ^ a b McKinsey 1973, p. 60.
  10. ^ a b McKinsey 1973, p. 64.
  11. ^ Shipley 1968, p. 191.
  12. ^ Kenny 1940, p. 218.
  13. ^ Pope 1729, pp. 165–166.

Sources

  • Kenny, Robert W. (1940). "James Ralph: An Eighteenth-Century Philadelphian in Grub Street". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 64 (2): 218–242. JSTOR 20087279. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
  • Pope, Alexander (1729). The Dunciad Variorum (1729). J. Wright.
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