Nicholas of Hanapes

Nicholas of Hanapes (died on 18 May 1291) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church who became the last Latin patriarch in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was appointed in 1288 by Pope Nicholas IV and during his brief patriarchate wielded a considerable political power. He drowned under unclear circumstances during the sack of Acre.

Early career

Nicholas hailed from Hanapes in the Ardennes. He was born probably in the first half of the 13th century. He entered the Dominican Order in the convent of his hometown before going to study at the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris.[1] Between 1260 and 1278 he compiled the Liber de exemplis sacre scripturae ("Book of examples from scripture"), which became popular in England in the following century.[2] Nicholas served as a penitentiary to Pope Nicholas IV.[3]

Patriarchate

Nicholas IV, who was elected pope on 22 February 1288, appointed Nicholas of Hanapes to the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem on 30 April 1288. This circumvented the right of the canons of the Holy Sepulchre to elect their patriarch.[3] The pope bestowed on the new patriarch privileges surpassing those of his predecessors. Because the king of Jerusalem, Henry II of Cyprus, was for the most part absent from the mainland, Patriarch Nicholas enjoyed a considerable political power.[4] Indeed, he acted as a virtual head of state.[5] For example, the commanders of the fleet sent by the pope to Acre–the capital of the rump Kingdom of Jerusalem–were placed under the patriarch's authority.[6] One of the pope's last requests to the patriarch was to establish the Inquisition in the Latin East.[4]

On 26 April 1289, Tripoli was captured by the Mamluks of Egypt. Nicholas took part in composing the delegation sent to Rome to request aid.[7] The pope responded by imposing a complete trade embargo on Egypt. The population of Acre protested because their livelihoods depended on trade with Egypt. Patriarch Nicholas consequently allowed the trade of goods other than horses and war materials.[5]

Nicholas's patriarchate was cut short by the Mamluk invasion of the kingdom in April 1291. Nicholas took charge of the defense of the besieged Acre, but the Lanercost Chronicle alleges that he was not adept.[6] As Acre was overrun on 18 May, Nicholas made for the harbor,[8][1] where the weather was bad and the waves were high.[9] Sources disagree on how Nicholas met his fate. The Templar of Tyre narrates that the patriarch tried to board a Venetian ship, seized a sailor by the hand, but slipped and drowned; his valuables turning up aboard the vessel led to suspicions of foul play.[8][9] According to the account of Thadeus of Naples, the patriarch tried to save as many poor people as possible, but his overloaded boat capsized, killing everyone aboard.[10]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Daunou 1842, p. 51.
  2. ^ Jones 2024, p. 172.
  3. ^ a b Hamilton & Jotischky 2020, p. 55.
  4. ^ a b Hamilton 1980, p. 281.
  5. ^ a b Jacoby 2017, p. 164.
  6. ^ a b Hamilton 1980, p. 278.
  7. ^ Hamilton & Jotischky 2020, p. 289.
  8. ^ a b Hamilton 1980, p. 279.
  9. ^ a b Folda 2005, p. 487.
  10. ^ Shagrir 2018, p. 163.

Bibliography

  • Daunou, Pierre (1842). "Nicolas de Hanapes". Histoire litéraire de la France (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  • Hamilton, Bernard (1980). The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Variorum Publications. ISBN 978-1-351-88705-2.
  • Folda, Jaroslav (5 September 2005). Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83583-1. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  • Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (2020). Derek Baker (ed.). Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521836388.
  • Jacoby, David (20 July 2017). Medieval Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-58368-8. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  • Jones, Peter Murray (2024). The Medicine of the Friars in Medieval England. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-914049-23-1. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  • Shagrir, Iris (1 January 2018). "Thadeus of Naples on the Fall of Acre". Studies in the History of a Crusader City. History of Warfare. Vol. 116. Brill. pp. 148–165. ISBN 9789004349599. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
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