Loxosomatidae
| Loxosomatidae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Entoprocta |
| Family: | Hincks, 1880 |
Loxosomatidae is a family of Entoprocta, sometimes classified in the order Coloniales.[1]
Taxonomy
Loxosommella and Loxocalyx were split from Loxosoma in 1911 on the basis of foot morphology. While Loxosoma exhibits a sucking disc, both other genera comprise a foot gland and a foot groove. After the discovery of species showing both adult forms, Loxocalyx was merged into Loxosomella in 1964.[2] Loxomorpha and Loxomitra, established as subgenera of Loxosomella and Loxosoma respectively, were erected to full genera in 1987.[3] Nielsen (2010) proposed the use of only Loxosoma and Loxosomella, so species could be assigned to a genus even when the attachment organ is undescribed.[4] A similar proposal by Iseto (2017) retains Loxomitra alongside the latter two.[5]
A 2010 molecular phylogeny recovered Loxosomella as paraphyletic with respect to Loxocorone, Loxomitra, and Loxosoma.[6] This topology was confirmed by a later 2015 study, although Loxosoma was recovered as non-monophyletic, with Loxosoma axisadversum occupying a basal position among solitary entoprocts.[7]
The following genera are accepted according to WoRMS.[8]
- Emschermannia Borisanova, 2016
- Loxomitra Nielsen, 1964
- Loxosoma Keferstein, 1862 (synonyms: Cyclatella Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, Loxostemma Nielsen, 1966)
- Loxosomella Mortensen, 1911 (synonyms: Loxocorone Iseto, 2002, Loxomespilon Bobin & Prenant, 1953, Loxocalyx Mortensen, 1911)
References
- ^ Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2018-12-03). Miscellaneous Invertebrates. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-048841-8. Retrieved 2025-07-11. (Ch. 6.17)
- ^ Nielsen 1964, p. 59–61.
- ^ Soule, Soule & Chaney 1987.
- ^ Nielsen 2010, p. 45–46.
- ^ Iseto 2017, p. 455.
- ^ Kajihara et al. 2015, p. 83.
- ^ Kajihara et al. 2015, p. 87.
- ^ "Loxosomatidae Hincks, 1880". World Register of Marine Species. 2025-07-11. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
Works cited
- Iseto, Tohru (2017). "Review of the Studies of Japanese Entoprocts (Entoprocta)". In Motokawa, Masaharu; Kajihara, Hiroshi (eds.). Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Springer Japan. pp. 445–467. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_17. ISBN 978-4-431-56432-4.
- Kajihara, Hiroshi; Tomioka, Shinri; Kakui, Keiichi; Iseto, Tohru (2015). "Phylogenetic Position of the Queer, Backward-bent Entoproct Loxosoma axisadversum (Entoprocta: Solitaria: Loxosomatidae)". Species Diversity. 20 (1): 83–88. doi:10.12782/sd.20.1.083. ISSN 1342-1670.
- Nielsen, Claus (May 1964). "Studies on Danish entoprocta". Ophelia. 1 (1): 1–76. doi:10.1080/00785326.1964.10416272. ISSN 0078-5326.
- Nielsen, Claus (2010-03-10). "A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2395 (1): 45–56. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2395.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334.
- Soule, John D.; Soule, Dorothy F.; Chaney, Henry W. (1987). "IV. Phyla Entoprocta and Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)". In Devaney, Dennis M.; Eldredge, Lucius G. (eds.). Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii (PDF). Bishop Museum Special Publication. Vol. 2. Bishop Museum Press.
Further reading
- Fuchs, Judith; Iseto, Tohru; Hirose, Mamiko; Sundberg, Per; Obst, Matthias (July 2010). "The first internal molecular phylogeny of the animal phylum Entoprocta (Kamptozoa)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 370–379. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.009.