Lorenzo Strozzi

Lorenzo Strozzi
Lorenzo Strozzi
Personal life
Born(1523-12-03)3 December 1523
Florence, Italy
Died14 December 1571(1571-12-14) (aged 48)
Avignon, France
Parents
EducationUniversity of Padua
RelativesStrozzi family
House of Medici
Religious life
ReligionCatholic
Consecration8 June 1550
Senior posting
Based inFrance

Lorenzo Strozzi (3 December 1523 – 14 December 1571) was an Italian abbot and cardinal. He was the son of Filippo Strozzi, a member of the powerful Strozzi family of Florence, and Clarice de' Medici.[1] He became a naturalized French citizen in 1544. In France, the family name was also spelled Stroci, Stroissay, Estroci, Astroci, and Astrotio.[2] He was successively bishop of Béziers, archbishop of Albi, and archbishop of Aix.

Early life

Lorenzo Strozzi was born in Florence, the son of Filippo Strozzi and Clarice de' Medici, niece of Pope Leo X and aunt of Catherine de Medicis.[3] He was the younger brother of Piero Strozzi, who was made a marshal of France by King Henry II in 1554.[4] During the exile of the Strozzi in Padua, he studied the humanities under the direction of Benedetto Varchi, and attended the University of Padua, where he took a doctorate in law.[5]

In 1537, Lorenzo wrote a biography of his father Filippo Strozzi.[6]

In July 1543, Lorenzo and his condottiero brother Pietro received permission from the government of Venice to travel to France; Pietro was bringing 200 mounted arquebusiers, and intended to enter the royal service. Lorenzo was authorized to raise 50 troops in Marano.[7] Pietro and Lorenzo became naturalized French citizens in June 1544 by Lettres de naturalité of King Francis I.[8]

As part of the French Army, he fought Calvinists in Languedoc under Henry II.[1]Bellaud Dessalles points out that there are no sources to verify the claims.[9]

Church

His cousin Queen Catherine de' Medici convinced him to join the church. His ecclesiastical career developed in France, first as abbot commendatory of Saint-Victor in Marseille in 1548, a royal appointment which was void, since Pope Paul had already appointed Cardinal Giulio Feltrio della Rovere (abbot 1548–1565). Lorenzo finally received the abbey on 5 February 1568.[10] He was later appointed abbot commendatory of Villar San Costanzo at Staffarda (Saluzzo, Piedmont).

Queen Catherine wrote to Pope Paul III's grandson, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, on 12 August 1547, requesting a cardinalate for Lorenzo Strozzi. The request was repeated in December 1547, but to no effect. In December 1548, Henri II received word from Rome that his agent was unable to extract any promise from the pope.[11]

He was then nominated bishop of Béziers by King Henry II of France, and confirmed by Pope Paul III in the papal consistory of 7 December 1547. He replaced Bishop-elect François Gouffier, who had resigned on 5 December. Strozzi was only 24 years old.[12] He took possession of the diocese on 27 February 1548, but was not consecrated a bishop until 8 June 1550. In 1551, he appointed as Administrator of the diocese the abbot of Villelongue, Pierre de Puimisson.

Strozzi was named a councilor of Henry II in 1547, and took part in a session of Parlement presided over by the king on 2 July 1548.[13] He did not attend the Estates at Montpellier 21 October 1551, but sent a procurator. He did not attend the provincial council of Narbonne on 10–20 December 1551. On 17 October 1552, he failed to attend the meeting of the Estates at Nîmes, and did not send a procurator; he was therefore fined 10 livres.[14] Since 1551, preachers sent from Geneva had been making inroads in the diocese of Béziers, where memories of Albigensian teachings, especially their opposition to the clerical estate, were still strong.[15]

Strozzi's brother Leo was killed in battle on 25 June 1554, fighting in the French army before Scarlino, in Sienese territory, on the mainland opposite the island of Elba.[16]

He was made a cardinal by Pope Paul IV in the consistory of 15 March 1557, with the title of Santa Balbina.[17] He was present in Rome on 20 September 1557, to receive his red hat from the pope. He stayed on into October, carrying out businnes entrusted to him by the Queen, including finding a court-painter. He was back in Béziers by the beginning of 1558.[18]

When Pope Paul IV died on 18 August 1559, Cardinal Strozzi was sent by King Francis II to Rome, with instructions for the French faction in the Conclave.[19] The French candidates, chosen by Catherine de Medicis and the Cardinal of Guise-Lorraine, were Cardinal Ippolito d"Este, a longtime resident at the French court, then Cardinal François de Tournon, and thirdly Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga. Five French cardinals, however, did not make the trip to Rome, despite royal prodding. The conclave began on 5 September and lasted until the election of Giovanni Angelo de' Medici on Christmas Day.[20] Strozzi was not a candidate, nor did he feature in the politicking, and, at the age of thirty-five and a cardinal for two and a half years, he had little personal influence among his fellows.[21] On 9 November, he wrote to the Queen that he was following her orders faithfully.[22]

Cardinal Strozzi did not attend the papal conclave of 20 December 1565–7 January 1566.

Later, he was named Administrator of the diocese of Albi in the papal consistory of 9 May 1561;[23] he made his solemn entry into Albi on 6 October 1561. In August 1562, he obtained letters of protection from King Charles IX, and in 1563 he took the oath of allegiance to the king in person. King Charles named him his lieutenant in the Albigeois.[24] He was nominated archbishop of Aix-en-Provence by Charles IX, and confirmed on 6 February 1568, by Pope Pius V; he was granted the pallium on 11 April 1568.[25] He took possession of the diocese on 14 April 1568.[26]

Later life

He died at Avignon on 14 December 1571, and was buried in the Church of S. Agricol.[27][1]

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ a b c Miranda, Salvador. "3. STROZZI, Lorenzo (1523-1571)". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23.
  2. ^ Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 123.
  3. ^ Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 121. Fisquet, p. 168. Lucien Romier, Les origines politiques des guerres de religion ...: Henri II et l'Italie (1547-1555), (in French), (Perrin, 1913), pp. 148-156.
  4. ^ Thomas Henry Dyer, Modern Europe, from the Fall of Constantinople to the Establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453-1871, Volume 2 (London: George Bell, 1877), p. 227.
  5. ^ Fisquet, p. 168. Bellaud Dessalles, p. 15.
  6. ^ Lorenzo Strozzi, Vita di Filippo Strozzi il vecchio scritta da Lorenzo suo figlio, con documenti ed illustrazioni per cura di Giuseppe Bini e Pietro Bigazzi. (in Italian). Firenze: tip. della casa di correzione, 1851.
  7. ^ Bellaud Dessalles, p. 16.
  8. ^ Émile Picot, Les Italiens en France au XVIe siècle, (in French), (Bordeaux: Feret, 1901), p. 44.
  9. ^ Bellaud Dessalles, p. 16: "D'après quelques auteurs, Laurent Strozzi aurait même guerroyé en Languedoc et remporté des succès sur les protestants. Ces faits, mentionnés par les auteurs du Gallia [christiana] et par Lhermite de Soliers, ne sont confirmés par aucun document historique touchant cette province et restent l'un des points obscurs de cette existence si remplie."
  10. ^ Albanès, p. 121-122.
  11. ^ Bellaud Desalles, pp. 17-18. The agent was François de Rohan, sieur de Gié, Gentleman of the Chamber; he had spent at least two years in Rome between 1539 and 1541 as agent of King Francis I.
  12. ^ Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 135.
  13. ^ Bellaud Desalles, pp. 18-19. Fisquet, p. 169.
  14. ^ Bellaud Desalles, p. 20.
  15. ^ Claude de Vic & Jean Joseph Vaissette, Histoire générale de Languedoc: avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, (in French), Volume 11 (Toulouse: E. Privat, 1889, pp. 349-353, esp. p. 352. Bellaud Desalles, pp. 37-39.
  16. ^ Bellaud Desalles, p. 37.
  17. ^ Eubel Hierarchia catholica III, p. 35, no. 11.
  18. ^ Bellaud Desalles, p. 28.
  19. ^ Bellaud Desalles, pp. 31-32.
  20. ^ Frederic J. Baumgartner, Behind locked doors. A History of the Papal Elections, (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan-St. Martins 2003), pp. 117-119.
  21. ^ John P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1559, California State University 2011; retrieved: 10 July 2025.
  22. ^ Bellaud Desalles, pp. 32-33: "Je dirai seulement que je ne manquerai pas (comme jusqu'ici je n'ai pas manqué) d'obéir à tout ce qu'elle m'a commandé, comme particulièrement Votre Majesté peut en être informée par les seigneurs susdits, et pour cela nous pourrons faire cette élection à la satisfaction de Votre Majesté...."
  23. ^ Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 101.
  24. ^ Fisquet, p. 170.
  25. ^ Albanès, pp. 121-122. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 112 with note 8.
  26. ^ Fisquet, p. 171.
  27. ^ Fisquet, p. 171. Albanès, Gallia christiana novissima, p. 123.

Sources


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