Ileodictyon cibarium

Basket fungus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Phallales
Family: Phallaceae
Genus: Ileodictyon
Species:
I. cibarium
Binomial name
Ileodictyon cibarium
Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)
Ileodictyon cibarium
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Glebal hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is olive-brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is not recommended

Ileodictyon cibarium is a saprotrophic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae. It is native to Australia and New Zealand, where it is commonly known as the basket fungus or the white basket fungus, alluding to its fruit bodies, shaped like a round or oval ball with interlaced or latticed branches, resembling polyhedra similar to closed fullerenes.[1] Although the immature spherical fruitbodies are reportedly edible, the mature fruit body is foul-smelling and partly covered with a slime layer containing spores (gleba) on the inner surfaces.

Taxonomy and etymology

Ileodictyon cibarium was originally described by Edmond Tulasne and Charles Tulasne in a paper by Étienne Raoul in 1844.[2] The type specimen was collected in New Zealand.[2][3][4]

The Māori language has 35 different names referring to I. cibarium. These include tūtae kēhua ("ghost droppings"), tūtae whatitiri, and whareatua ("house of the devil"), kōkirikiriwhetū, kōpurawhetū, korokorowhetū, wheterau, popowhaitiri, tikowhatitiri, paruwhatitiri, matakupenga, and tūtae whetū.[5][6]

Description

Cross section of the unopened fruiting body of the basket fungus (Ileodictyon cibarium), with a ballpoint pen for scale

Prior to the opening of the outer skin, the fruit body is egg-shaped and white to greyish. After opening, it is a whitish mesh-like ball measuring up to 25 cm in diameter.[7] The different growth stages of L. cibarium were illustrated by John Buchanan.[8][9]

Ileodictyon cibarium is similar to and sometimes confused with Ileodictyon gracile (smooth cage fungus), which is also native to Australia. The two species are both whitish, mesh balls of similar size, but can be differentiated by characteristics of the receptacle arms that form the mesh.[10] I. cibarium has a thicker mesh[11] with arms that are wrinkled, about 5 times wider, elliptical in cross section, and not thickened where the arms meet, compared to I. gracile.[12][10]

Ecology

The strongly smelling gleba is used to attract flies as a part of the fungi's reproductive cycle, in order for flies to disperse spores to new locations.[13]

In Māori culture

Ileodictyon cibarium is associated with the presence of gods in Māori mythology. Several of the names for the species refer to whaitiri, the atua and personification of thunder, this is because of the frequent appearance of I. cibarium fruit bodies following thunderstorms, while others describe the baskets as the fishing nets of Taramainuku, a god associated with the Matariki star cluster.[13] The unopened fruiting bodies are a traditional food source, especially in the Hawkes Bay area, cooked in the ashes of a fire or in a hāngī. The fungus may be the namesake of the town Waipukurau, with the name suggesting a watering hole where I. cibarium is soaked before eating.[13]

Popularity

In a 2018 poll, I. cibarium was ranked second by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for its pick as New Zealand's national fungus, being defeated by Entoloma hochstetteri.[14]

Distribution and habitat

Ileodictyon cibarium is native to New Zealand and Australia and has also been introduced to Chile, Brazil, Africa and England.[10][15][16] It grows alone or clustered together near woody debris, in lawns, gardens, and cultivated soil, along roads, in forest.[7]

Edibility

The immature fruitbodies are edible and a traditional Māori food source in New Zealand.[13]

  • 1855 illustration by James Erxleben
    1855 illustration by James Erxleben
  • Immature fruitbodies
    Immature fruitbodies
  • Immature fruitbody (left) and an emerged basket (right)
    Immature fruitbody (left) and an emerged basket (right)
  • I. cibarium basket emerging from the fruitbody
    I. cibarium basket emerging from the fruitbody
  • A forested area of I. cibarium
    A forested area of I. cibarium

References

  1. ^ Gooday, Graham W.; Zerning, John (1997). "Ileodictyon cibarium, The basket fungus as a buckyball". Mycologist. 11 (4): 184–186. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(97)80105-X. ISSN 0269-915X.
  2. ^ a b Raoul, Étienne (1844). "Choix de Plantes de la Nouvelle-Zelande". Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 3e (Sér. 2): 114.
  3. ^ "Ileodictyon cibarium Tul. & C. Tul. 1844 - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  4. ^ May, Tom W. (1 September 2003). "The status of names and records of Australian macrofungi". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 41 (3): 379–389. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512857. ISSN 0028-825X. S2CID 85295490.
  5. ^ "tūtae whetū - Māori Dictionary". maoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  6. ^ Pallante, Joseph (19 July 2020). "The Alienness of White Basket Fungus". NZFungi. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Ileodictyon cibarium" (PDF). Compiled by V Ryan for QMS Gasteromycetes Workshop. Queensland Mycological Society. November 2017 [August 2013].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Buchanan, P. K.; Cooper, Jerry A. (2020). "John Buchanan's pre-1880 records and illustrations of New Zealand fungi". Papahou: Records of the Auckland Museum. 55: 29–36. doi:10.32912/RAM.2020.55.3. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 27008991. Wikidata Q106827962.
  9. ^ Buchanan, John. Botanical Notebook, 1866-1886, MS-41. Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira. p. 161.
  10. ^ a b c Pablo Sandoval-Leiva; José Luis Henríquez; Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira (21 August 2014). "Additions to the Chilean phalloid mycota". Mycotaxon. 128 (1): 45–54. doi:10.5248/128.45. ISSN 0093-4666. Wikidata Q113536473.
  11. ^ Kuo, M. (August 2022). "Ileodictyon gracile (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  12. ^ "Ileodictyon gracile" (PDF). Compiled by V Ryan for QMS Gasteromycetes Workshop. Queensland Mycological Society. November 2017 [August 2013].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ a b c d Vennell, Robert (2023). The Forgotten Forest. Auckland: HarperCollins. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-1-7755-4219-3. LCCN 2023553352. OCLC 1419568073. Wikidata Q135894239.
  14. ^ "New Zealand's favourite fungus has been revealed". Radio New Zealand. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  15. ^ Altielys Casale Magnago; Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira; Maria Alice Neves (April 2013). "Phallales (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) from the tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil" (PDF). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 140 (2): 236–244. doi:10.3159/TORREY-D-12-00054.1. ISSN 1095-5674. Wikidata Q113536686.
  16. ^ Laessoe, T; Pegler, DN; Spooner, B (1995). British Puffballs, Earthstars and Stinkhorns: An Account of the British Gasteroid Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 184. ISBN 0-947643-81-8.
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