History of Australia (2022–present)

Australia
—
Contemporary era
2022–present
History of Australia (2007-2022)
Exterior view of Parliament House, Canberra, in March 2022
LocationAustralia
IncludingCOVID-19 pandemic aftermath
Climate change in Australia
Housing crisis in Australia
Voice referendum debate and aftermath
Australia–China relations
AUKUS
Fourth Industrial Revolution
Energy transition in Australia
Monarch(s)Charles III (2022–present)
Prime Minister(s)Anthony Albanese (2022–present)
Key events
2022–2023
2024–present
This article is part of a series on the
History of
Australia
Timeline and periods
Prehistoryto c. 1788
Maritime exploration1606–1803
Inland exploration1813–1860s
Colonial Australia1788–1850
    First Fleet1788
    Convict Era1788–1868
Gold Rush and Nationhood1851–1900
    Australian gold rushes1851–1890s
    Australian colonies1851–1900
    Federation1901
Early 20th century1901–1945
     World War I1914–1918
    Great Depression1929–1939
    World War II1939–1945
Postwar to early 21st century1945–2022
    Post-war immigration1945–1970s
     1967 Referendum1967
     1975 Constitutional crisis1975
2022–present
Topics
By group
By region
State/Territory Capital
ACT Canberra
New South Wales Sydney
Northern Territory Darwin
Queensland Brisbane
South Australia Adelaide
Tasmania Hobart
Victoria Melbourne
Western Australia Perth


The period in the history of Australia from 2022 to the present began with the 2022 Australian federal election, in which the Australian Labor Party, under the leadership of Anthony Albanese, defeated the incumbent Liberal–National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, marking a significant shift in domestic policy priorities.

Albanese assumed office amid public concern over climate change, cost of living, and government integrity. His administration committed to more ambitious emissions reduction targets, expressed formal support for the Uluru Statement from the Heart, and held a national referendum on an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, which was ultimately defeated in 2023.

Simultaneously, Australia recalibrated its strategic posture in the Indo-Pacific through its participation in the AUKUS security pact and expanded regional diplomacy in response to escalating tensions with the People's Republic of China.

Transition from the Morrison era (2018–2022)

Final years of the Morrison government

Main article: Morrison government

The period immediately preceding 2022 was shaped by the final years of the Morrison government (2018–2022), particularly its response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and evolving international relations.

The Morrison government was returned at the federal election of May 2019 with a three-seat majority. It committed to remaining in the Paris Agreement but emphasized lowering domestic energy prices.[1]

In foreign affairs, the government pursued trade liberalization and strategic alignment with Western allies. It signed the Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) in March 2019.[2] In June 2021, Australia and the United Kingdom announced a preliminary agreement on a free-trade agreement.[3]

COVID-19 pandemic response

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic reached Australia, resulting in the country's first recession in 29 years.[4] The government closed international borders to non-citizens and established a National Cabinet to coordinate pandemic response with state and territory leaders.[5][6]

A barricade in Coolangatta enforcing the border closure between Queensland and New South Wales in April 2020 that was implemented by the Queensland Government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic[7]

The National Cabinet announced restrictions on non-essential businesses, gatherings, and inter-state movement, which were later adjusted by individual jurisdictions in response to local outbreaks.[8][9]

To mitigate economic impacts, the government implemented $267 billion in stimulus measures and $16.6 billion in health funding.[10] Unemployment peaked at 7.5% in July 2020 but declined to 5.6% by March 2021.[9][11][12]

Indigenous affairs and social issues

In Indigenous affairs, the 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart—a consensus of 250 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander delegates—called for constitutional recognition and a "Voice to Parliament". In 2019, the Morrison government announced a consultation process aimed at ensuring Indigenous Australians would be heard at all levels of government.[13]

The George Floyd protests in Australia often referenced recent instances of Aboriginal deaths in custody. These include: the 2014 death of Ms Dhu in police custody;[14] the 2015 death of David Dungay (whose final words were "I can't breathe") in a prison hospital;[15][16] the 2017 death of Tanya Day in a police cell;[17] and the forceful arrest of an Aboriginal teenager on 1 June 2020,[18] highlighting broader social issues faced by Indigenous Australians and concerns about Aboriginal deaths in custody.

Security partnerships

AUKUS founders
Scott Morrison with fellow AUKUS founders Prime Minister Boris Johnston of the UK and US President Joe Biden.

In September 2021, the Morrison government, along with the United Kingdom and the United States, announced the formation of a new trilateral strategic partnership known as AUKUS. The agreement's first initiative was to support Australia's acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines, leading to the cancellation of a 2016 contract with France's Naval Group for diesel-electric Attack-class submarines.[19] The announcement drew rebukes from both China and France.[20][21]

Contemporary Australia under Albanese (2022–present)

2022 federal election and change of government

Main article: Albanese government
Anthony Albanese, the 31st Prime Minister of Australia reviews the Federation Guard during the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II, 4 June 2022

On 23 May 2022, Anthony Albanese was sworn in as Australia's new prime minister following the 2022 Australian federal election. His Labor Party defeated Scott Morrison's conservative government, forming Australia's first Labor government in almost a decade.[22]

2025 federal election

Main article: 2025 Australian federal election

In a landslide victory and historic comeback, having overturned most of the opinion polling showing either a smaller majority for the Labor government or a hung parliament, the Labor Party won a second majority government in the 2025 election. In doing so, Albanese became the first prime minister since 2004 to win a second consecutive term, as well as the first Labor leader to win re-election since Bob Hawke in 1990.

Domestic policy

End of pandemic emergency measures

A COVID-19 vaccination clinic in Canberra

As widespread vaccination, prior infection, and reduced disease severity contributed to high levels of population immunity, 2022 marked a significant turning point in Australia's COVID-19 response. On 1 January, former Deputy Chief Medical Officer Dr Nick Coatsworth declared 2022 "the year this pandemic ends" in Australia.[23]

From February 2022, jurisdictions began easing restrictions. New South Wales and Victoria lifted many mask and density mandates,[24] followed by Queensland,[25] South Australia,[26] and Western Australia.[27]

On 25 March, Health Minister Greg Hunt announced that the Biosecurity Emergency Determination and international pre-flight testing requirements would end on 17 April.[28]

By late April, close contact definitions were harmonized nationwide, and most states replaced isolation with mask-wearing and testing protocols.[29] In June, mask mandates in airports were lifted,[30] though mandates on aircraft remained.

On 9 September, mask mandates on aircraft were lifted and isolation for positive cases was reduced to 5 days. Daily case reporting was also replaced with weekly updates.[31] Victoria's pandemic declaration ended on 13 October, and the requirement to report positive rapid antigen tests was withdrawn.[32]

By the end of 2022, most jurisdictions had formally ended their states of emergency and all remaining public health orders: Queensland (1 November), Western Australia (4 November), Northern Territory (11 November), South Australia (23 November), New South Wales (30 November), and Australian Capital Territory (28 December).[33][34][35][36][37][38]

By the start of 2023, Australia had formally exited the emergency pandemic phase, with all states and territories having returned to non-mandatory public health guidance models.

Economic challenges and policy responses

Inflation

Main article: 2021–2023 inflation surge § Oceania

In November 2023, Australia lifted the interest rate to 4.35%, a 12-year high.[39]

Cost of living crisis

This section is an excerpt from Cost-of-living crisis § Australia.[edit]
In the 2020s, Australia faced a cost of living crisis, impacting food security and increasing demands for food banks.[40]

Housing and rental crisis

This section is an excerpt from Australian residential rental market § Australian rental crisis.[edit]

Rental availability and affordability has become a prominent issue in Australian Politics recently,[41] with the topic being the subject of substantial media coverage and political debate.[42][43][44][45] Media reports have included coverage of low income households being unable to find suitable accommodation and forced into homelessness.[46][47] Some suburbs in Australia saw rent increase between 30-40% from 2020 to 2022;[47] with Bellingen on the NSW coast experiencing an annual rent increase of 48%.[48] In September 2023, the national vacancy rate declined to 1.1%.[49]

Reasons provided for the crisis vary, with some blaming failures in residential construction processes at the council level,[50] a lack of public housing construction,[51] vacant residences,[52] increases in short-stay accommodation[53] or demand factors like immigration.[42] Reductions in average household size during the Covid-19 pandemic have also been pointed for driving a demand squeeze. The pandemic has prompted a desire for more space and to live with fewer people.[54]

Solutions proposed to address Australia's rental crisis also vary. Some economists have proposed reforms to residential construction approval process,[55] while others (most notably the Australian Greens) have proposed an introduction of rent controls.[56] Major parties proposals at a national level to address the issue have included a scheme proposed by the ALP called the 'social housing fund',[57] whilst The Coalition has promoted assistance schemes to increase rates of home-ownership. The responses of Australia's major parties have been criticised as inadequate.[58][59][60]

Technology and online regulation

Main article: Online Safety Amendment

In 2024, public and political pressure in Australia intensified around restricting children's access to social media, culminating in a proposed national age-verification regime. The campaign gained visibility through coordinated media advocacy, including The Daily Telegraph’s front-page “Let Them Be Kids” initiative, which called for urgent government action and was widely covered in national press.[61]

Commentators noted that government attitudes had shifted significantly in a short period; while age-verification systems were initially described as a “privacy nightmare,” by late 2024 they had become a central pillar of proposed online safety reforms.[62]

In 2024 in Australia, a plan was discussed to ban children from social media websites until they reach age 16.[63] Reuters traced the ban to an entreaty by the wife of South Australian Premier Peter Malinauskas to her husband. She requested that he read The Anxious Generation by Jonathan Haidt and take action to address the impact of social media on the mental health of children.[64] In November 2024, the government indicated their intention to engage Age Check Certification Scheme following a tender process for an age assurance technology trial.[65]

The plan is supported by the governments of every state and territory.[66] Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has described social media as a "scourge", and said "I want people to spend more time on the footy field or the netball court than they’re spending on their phones", that family members are "worried sick about the safety of our kids online", and that social media "is having a negative impact on young people’s mental health and on anxiety".[67] The opposition Coalition, led by Peter Dutton, has promised to implement a ban within 100 days of being elected, calling it one of his highest priorities.[67]

The opposition organised an open letter signed by 140 experts who specialise in child welfare and technology.[63] The opposition is concerned about the invasion of privacy that will occur with the introduction of identification-based age checks.[63] An advocacy group for digital companies in Australia called the plans a "20th Century response to 21st Century challenges".[68] A director of a mental health service voiced concerns, stating that "73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media".[68]

An official at Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp, has stated that they intend to comply with any laws regarding age restrictions for children in Australia.[68] Snap, the owners of Snapchat have stated they intend to comply with the legislation.[69]

Former High Court judge Robert French praised the passing of the legislation, saying "the basic sensible model is in place". French had previously been part of a review for the proposed South Australian state legislation.[64]

A poll conducted by YouGov in November 2024 revealed that 77 percent of Australians surveyed were in favour of the age limit, with a further 87 percent agreeing that social media companies that failed to comply should face stronger penalties.[70]

Polling from The Sydney Morning Herald's Resolve Political Monitor shows that 58% of people support the policy, and 25% think it will work compared to 67% who think the policy won't achieve its aims.[71]

National Anti-Corruption Commission

This section is an excerpt from National Anti-Corruption Commission (Australia) § Introduction into Parliament.[edit]

Anthony Albanese led the Labor Party to victory in the 2022 federal election with an election promise to establish an anti-corruption watchdog.[72]

In June 2022, the Attorney-General, Mark Dreyfus, advertised roles in the NACC taskforce.[73]

On 28 September 2022, the Albanese government introduced the National Anti-Corruption Commission Bill 2022 and National Anti-Corruption Commission (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Bill 2022 to parliament. The introduction of the bills was delayed by the death of Queen Elizabeth II three weeks prior. Crossbenchers have proposed that the scope of the NACC should extend to being able to investigate third parties getting in touch with politicians.[74]

The bills to establish the National Anti-Corruption Commission passed the House of Representatives on 24 November 2022; they passed the Senate on 29 November 2022 after crossbench amendments were either withdrawn or defeated.[75]

On 12 December 2022, the bills received royal assent.

The NACC began operations on 1 July 2023.[76] The commission received 44 referrals of corrupt conduct in its first two days of operation.[77]

Indigenous affairs and social justice

Uluru Statement and Voice referendum

Main article: 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum

A national referendum on an Indigenous Voice to Parliament was held on 14 October 2023 and was rejected nationally. The Yes23 campaign co-chair Rachel Perkins called for a week of silence "to grieve this outcome and reflect on its meaning and significance".

Protests and civil society

Gaza war protests and 2024 university demonstrations

This section is an excerpt from Gaza war protests in Australia.[edit]
Land Forces Expo protests in Southbank, Victoria


Following the outbreak of the Gaza war in October 2023, pro-Palestinian protests were held in several Australian cities including Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth.[78][79][80][81] Protests at the Sydney Opera House and Lakemba were criticised by New South Wales Premier Chris Minns and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese for alleged antisemitic rhetoric and violence.[82][83]

Notable pro-Palestinian protests and campaigns have included weekly marches in Melbourne, Jewish peace activists occupying the electorate office of Defence Minister Richard Marles, blockades at the Port of Melbourne and Port Botany, the establishment of protest encampments at several Australian universities, and the Melbourne Land Forces Expo protests.[84][85][86][87][88][89] Other notable protest actions have included picketing a Melbourne hotel hosting a delegation of Israeli kidnapping and murder victims and Qantas flight crew donning Palestinian flag badges.[90][91]

Pro-Israel counter-protests have also been held in Sydney and Melbourne.[92][93]

The Group of Eight, of which the universities of Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Queensland, Monash and ANU are part, has sought legal advice on using terms such as "intifada" and "from the river to the sea", and has said it would ban those phrases if given definitive legal advice that they are unlawful. It said such phrases are "deeply offensive to many in the Jewish community". It sent a letter to Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus asking for legal advice on whether these phrases violate Commonwealth law.[94] Dreyfus wrote back that he does not give legal advice, noting the universities were taking external legal advice. He added that Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 "makes it a civil offence to do a public act that is reasonably likely to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate people because of their race, colour or national or ethnic origins. A person aggrieved by an alleged act of racial discrimination can make a complaint to the Australian Human Rights Commission". Sydney and Monash urged students not to use the phrases, but stopped short of banning them.[95]

Jewish staff and students at the University of Queensland created an alternative Camp Shalom in the Great Court. which ran from 29 April to 10 May.[96]

Victoria Police Chief Commissioner Shane Patton has raised concerns that protests could become violent, like they have in the US. He said he is meeting with university security. He said the police do not want the "existing tension" and that universities must consider "how much more risk they're accepting by allowing these encampments to continue".[97] Deputy Commissioner Neil Paterson wrote to the vice chancellors of the University of Melbourne, Monash, RMIT, Deakin and La Trobe, asking them to "carefully consider the risks" of allowing the encampments to continue. Organizers downplayed the risk of violence or escalation, saying the campuses are safe and that the encampments are a peaceful protest for the Palestinian people.[98] Universities have resisted the calls for the police to end to the protests, with the Group of Eight saying the encampments are held on public land and that police are free to enter at any time, with the universities having acted appropriately to breaches of the law, saying they are "in the business of de-escalation" and not wanting to see violence erupt, as it has in the US.[98] Police are being called "daily" to protests, with incidents of harassment and violence being investigated at Monash and Deakin.[99]

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has taken a neutral stance on the protests, saying he is worried about social cohesion. Albanese has criticized usage of the phrase "from the river to the sea", calling it "provocative" and agreeing when asked whether it is a "very violent statement".[100][101] Education Minister Jason Clare has expressed concern about students feeling unsafe, saying, "I want more people to go to university, not less". He said that whilst there will always be protests in a democracy, there is no place for bigotry, including antisemitism and Islamophobia.[102]

The Greens have expressed support for the protests. On May 2, The Greens NSW issued a statement expressing solidarity with the encampment at the University of Sydney calling for the government to increase pressure on Israel to achieve a permanent ceasefire and calling for universities to cut ties with Israeli universities and weapons manufacturers supplying Israel.[103] After the first attack on the Monash camp, the Victorian Greens issued a statement that universities and police must better protect protesters.[104] Greens MPs have attended pro-Palestine protests since the start of the war.[105]

Liberal/National Coalition leader Peter Dutton has been sharply critical of the protests, calling universities that are allowing them to continue "weak". He said Prime Minister Albanese "needs to stand up and show some backbone here and call for an end to these nonsense protests".[106] Other Coalition members have been similarly critical, with education spokesperson Sarah Henderson and senior frontbencher Michael Sukkar saying the protests should be forcibly broken up. Henderson said universities should be fined if they do not do so. She has called for a Senate enquiry into antisemitism at universities.[107][108] On May 9, Dutton compared the protesters chants of "from the river to the sea" to "what Hitler chanted in the '30s", in response to Education Minister Jason Clare saying the chants of "from the river to the sea" and "intifada" mean "different things to different people". A Jewish group formed after the start of the war, the Jewish Council of Australia, set up in opposition to other peak Jewish bodies in Australia such as the Executive Council of Australian Jewry with regards to support of Israel and the weaponization of antisemitism, said Dutton's interpretations were "a very bad-faith reading" of the chants.[109][110]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Australia

In the 2021 Census, the most common affiliations were Christianity (43.9%) and "No religion" (38.9%), with Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), and Buddhism (2.4%) the largest non-Christian groups. The ABS highlights the long-run decline in Christian affiliation and growth in "No religion" and other faiths.[111]

See also

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