Harjo
Harjo, also spelled Hadjo, is a war title and surname derived from the Muscogee word háco, meaning "active" or "crazy".[1]
Poet Joy Harjo (Muscogee) defines the term as "so brave as to seem crazy",[2] historian Mace Davis defines it as "brave beyond discretion" or "foolhardy",[3] and Donald Fixico (Sac & Fox/Muscogee/Seminole/Shawnee) defines it as "fearless person".[4]
The term is also spelled Hadcho and Hadsho.
Military title
Most Seminole leaders from the period of the Seminole Wars are known by their war titles, which were always Muscogee in form, even if their primary language was Mikasuki.[5] The following hadjos are known from the first half of the 19th century in Florida, primarily from the Seminole Wars:
- Apayaka Hadjo (Seminole/Miccosukee, c. 1781 – c. 1866), more commonly known as Abiaka
- Chitto Hadjo (Seminole, 19th c.), raided northeast Florida in 1842, not to be confused with Chitto Harjo (Muscogee, c. 1846–c. 1912)
- Coa Hadjo (Seminole, 19th c.), arrested under a white flag together with Osceola
- Fuse Hadjo (Seminole, 19th c.), represented Billy Bowlegs in negotiations with the US Army
- Halleck Hadjo (Seminole, 19th c.), captured after Battle of Loxahatchee
- Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo) (Muscogee, c. 1770–1818), religious leader
- Ya-ha Hadjo (Muscogee, died 1836)
Notable people named Harjo
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Notable people with the name include:
- Albert Harjo (1937–2019), Muscogee artist
- Benjamin Harjo, Jr. (1945–2023), Absentee Shawnee/Seminole painter and printmaker
- Chitto Harjo (Crazy Snake, c. 1846–c. 1912), Muscogee warrior and activist
- Edmond Harjo (1917–2014), American Seminole Code Talker during World War II
- Joy Harjo (born 1951), Muscogee poet, musician, author, and U.S. Poet Laureate
- Osvald Harjo (1910–1993), Norwegian resistance member
- Sharron Ahtone Harjo (born 1945), Kiowa painter
- Sterlin Harjo (born 1979), Seminole/Muscogee filmmaker, director, and comedian
- Suzan Shown Harjo (born 1945), Muscogee/Cheyenne activist and policymaker
As middle name
- Lois Harjo Ball (Muscogee, 1906–1982), painter
- William Harjo LoneFight (Muscogee, born 1966), president and CEO of American Native Services
See also
- Harjo, Oklahoma, unincorporated community in the United States
- Tahnee Ahtone, formerly Tahnee Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, Kiowa beadwork artist, regalia maker, curator, and museum professional of Muscogee and Seminole descent
- Harju, a Finno–Norwegian surname
- Tustenuggee, Muscogee for "war chief"
Notes
- ^ Loughridge, Robert McGill; Hodge, David M. Hodge (1890). English and Muskokee Dictionary. St. Louis, MO: J.T. Smith. p. 141.
- ^ "Joy Harjo Reflects on the Spirit of Poetry". PBS Online News Hour. August 23, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ "Chitto Harjo". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 13 (2): 139. June 1935. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
- ^ Fixico, Donald L. (22 April 2025). Chitto Harjo: Native Patriotism and the Medicine Way. Yale University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-300-28132-3.
- ^ Neill, Wilfred T. (June 1955). "The Identity of Florida's "Spanish Indians"". The Florida Anthropologist. 8 (2): 47 – via University of Florida Digital Collection.
Further reading
- Haas, Mary R.; Hill, James H. (2015). Creek (Muskogee) Texts. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520286429.