Glaesserella parasuis
| Glaesserella parasuis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pasteurellales |
| Family: | Pasteurellaceae |
| Genus: | Glaesserella |
| Species: | G. parasuis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Glaesserella parasuis (Biberstein & White 1969) Dickerman et al. 2020[1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Haemophilus parasuis Biberstein & White 1969 | |
Glaesserella parasuis (formerly known as Haemophilus parasuis) is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is best known as the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs.
History and taxonomy
Originally described as Haemophilus parasuis by Biberstein and White in 1969, it was reclassified into the newly created genus Glaesserella in 2020 based on comprehensive phylogenomic analyses.[1]
Morphology
Glaesserella parasuis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. Cells typically appear as short rods or coccobacilli, often forming pairs or short chains. It is non-motile and non-spore-forming.[2]
Growth conditions
The bacterium requires enriched media containing NAD (V factor) and exhibits optimal growth under aerobic conditions at 37 °C. Colonies typically appear small, smooth, and translucent on chocolate agar or blood agar supplemented with NAD.[2]
Clinical significance
Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease, an infectious condition characterized by polyserositis (inflammation of serosal surfaces), arthritis, meningitis, and pneumonia, primarily affecting young piglets.[3]
Epidemiology
The bacterium commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs, and outbreaks of disease typically occur when piglets are under stress or have compromised immunity, such as during weaning.[4]
Clinical signs
Affected animals may exhibit fever, respiratory distress, lameness, joint swelling, and neurological symptoms. Mortality rates can be significant without appropriate treatment or preventive measures.[3]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves clinical observations, necropsy findings (such as fibrinous polyserositis), and laboratory confirmation through bacterial isolation and molecular techniques such as PCR.[5]
Treatment and prevention
Treatment typically involves antibiotics. Preventive measures include vaccination, good biosecurity practices, and stress minimization, particularly during weaning.[4]
References
- ^ a b Dickerman, A.; Bandara, A.B.; Inzana, T.J. (2020). "Phylogenomic analysis of Haemophilus parasuis and proposed reclassification to Glaesserella parasuis, gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 180–186. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003730. PMID 31592757.
- ^ a b Kielstein, P.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V. J. (1992). "Designation of 15 serovars of Haemophilus parasuis on the basis of immunodiffusion using heat-stable antigen extracts". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (4): 862–5. doi:10.1128/jcm.30.4.862-865.1992. PMC 265175. PMID 1572971.
- ^ a b Olvera, A.; Segalés, J.; Aragon, V. (2007). "Update on the diagnosis of Haemophilus parasuis infection in pigs and novel genotyping methods". The Veterinary Journal. 174 (3): 522–529. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.017. PMID 17175186.
- ^ a b Macedo, N.; Gottschalk, M.; Strutzberg-Minder, K.; Van, C.N. (2021). "Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from North America, Europe and Asia by serotyping PCR and LS-PCR". Veterinary Research. 52 (1) 68. doi:10.1186/s13567-021-00935-9. PMC 8117636. PMID 33980312.
- ^ Howell, K.J.; Peters, S.E.; Wang, J.; Hernandez-Garcia, J.; Weinert, L.A.; Luan, S.L.; Wren, B.W. (2015). "Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid molecular serotyping of Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 53 (12): 3812–3821. doi:10.1128/JCM.01991-15. PMC 4652097. PMID 26424843.