Frank Elbridge Webb

Frank Elbridge Webb
Personal details
Born(1869-09-01)September 1, 1869
Angels Camp, California, U.S.
DiedJune 15, 1949(1949-06-15) (aged 79)
Washington D.C., U.S.
Political party
Other political
affiliations		Constitutional (c. 1930s)
Spouses
  • Agnes Hayes
    ​
    (div. 1908)​
  • Ethel L. Webb
    ​
    (div. 1926)​
  • Elsa White Webb (née Reid)
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1928)​
Military service
Branch/service
RankColonel

Frank Elbridge Webb (September 1, 1869 – June 15, 1949) was an American industrial engineer who served as the Farmer–Labor Party's presidential candidate in 1928 and was initially renominated in 1932 before being removed. He subsequently served as the presidential candidate for a wing of the Liberty Party.[a] He also led many unsuccessful efforts to build bridges that spanned the San Francisco Bay.

Life and career

1897 drawing of Webb

Frank Elbridge Webb was born on September 1, 1869,[b] in Angels Camp, part of the California Mother Lode, to Annie Settle and Elbridge Webb.[2][3][4] Some of his paternal ancestors had arrived on the Mayflower,[2] a fact Webb mentioned frequently.[5] He was also a descendant of Revolutionary War veterans and belonged to the Sons of the American Revolution.[4][6] His father was a mining engineer and had once been wealthy,[4] but he lost it,[7] and by the time of Webb's birth he was the head and owner of a mine in Angels Camp.[8][9] He died suddenly in that mine while Webb was young.[3] After his death, Webb began farming and through that and other work he was able to afford an education.[7] He graduated from a San Francisco night school in 1886[10] and received a diploma as a graduate engineer.[11] Webb also worked as an elevator boy and then second assistant salesman at a dry goods store in San Francisco.[12] Webb had a sister, Adelaide E. Webb, who died in 1896.[13] He was also a cousin of William Seward Webb.[14]

Webb joined the California National Guard, rising to the rank of captain and serving as an aide-de-camp to General John H. Dickinson.[15] He served with distinction on Dickinson's staff when the National Guard was called to put down ARU strikers at Sacramento during the Pullman Strike.[16][17] He also studied law under Dickinson[15][18] and worked as his law clerk,[19] working on the defense of murderer Theodore Durrant and as a crucial witness in a case regarding James G. Fair's estate.[20][21] Webb identified with the Republican Party but opposed the tactics of its California establishment, fearing it would result in a Democrat being elected to the Senate.[22] In 1897, Webb unsuccessfully sought election as the Appraiser of Customs for the Port of San Francisco with the endorsement of Dickinson,[23] who was frequently titled "friend of the young Republicans",[24] and the San Francisco County and Alameda County Republican Party Committees.[14] In 1898, Webb thought that Congress was being too slow in declaring war on Spain and declared that when it did declare war he would be honorably discharged from the National Guard, join the Army, and muster a company of cowboys.[25] Webb served as a recruiting sergeant in the Spanish–American War[26] and also served in the Philippine–American War.[4] As a graduate engineer, Webb created an irrigation system on a large California ranch, rescuing it from financial ruin.[7] He also managed and sold many California estates[12] and worked as an engineer at many California mines.[27][28] In 1901, Webb moved to New York.[8] In New York, he worked with John A. Bensel on the New York State Canal System and the Catskill Aqueduct.[8] As of 1906, Webb lived in Melrose, Massachusetts, and was vice-president of a large Boston supplies company.[29][30]

During World War I, Webb was an intelligence officer for Major General Leonard Wood and served in the army quartermaster.[6] After serving from 1914 to 1920, Webb retired with the rank of colonel.[4]

In 1921, Webb, who had managed the properties of Harold Vanderbilt for a few years,[31] headed a syndicate that agreed to purchase Vanderbilt's Idle Hour estate and convert it into a country club.[32] The agreement was severed in 1923 after the syndicate fell behind on payments to Vanderbilt.[33]

The leaders of a surveying expedition to explore the viability of Webb's proposed bridge at Little Coyote Point in 1923. From left to right, Frank Sinnicks, W. H. Bissell, Webb, and J. J. McGrath.

After Bensel's death in 1921, Webb became the head of his engineering firm.[34] In 1922, Webb orchestrated an effort to develop Little Coyote Point, San Mateo, California.[35][8] Later that year, he outlined a plan to build a toll bridge that spanned the San Francisco Bay, from Coyote Point to the coast of Alameda County.[34] This plan received wide support from prominent bay residents, who had long supported a transbay bridge and saw Webb's plan as viable. In 1923, the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors granted Webb a franchise to build the bridge and it received the approval of the War Department.[36] In 1925, the board transferred the franchise to Frank C. Towns after Webb struggled to secure capital and was forced to delay the beginning of construction.[37][38] After losing the franchise, Webb continued with other transbay bridge efforts, though they attracted little local support and were repeatedly rejected by the authorities. These efforts included seeking a franchise to build a transbay bridge at the nearby Candlestick Point.[39]

In 1926, Webb sued Colonel Robert Mackay, who had served in the British Army, for $8,000 ($150,282 in 2024) which he had loaned him in 1922. Webb loaned the money to Mackay, a recent acquaintance, because he knew him to be "the wealthiest bachelor in Scotland".[40] During the trial, it was revealed that Mackay had introduced Webb to Richard H. Cole, a friend of President Warren G. Harding's who had expected to be appointed to a diplomatic post in Mexico.[41] Through that post, Cole believed he could control Mexican investments into the United States and receive valuable concessions, and Webb agreed to raise a $100,000 fund to lobby Mexican and American officials to secure this reality.[41][42] On January 21, 1922, Webb and Cole hosted a 75-person dinner which cost $3,000 ($56,356 in 2024) that was attended by many prominent figures, including former Speaker of the House Joe Cannon, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, another 35 members of the United States Senate, and some prominent Mexican officials.[42] President Harding had been expected to attend, but Webb warned him against attending, saying he was "being used".[31][43][44] The scheme's failure was variably attributed to Mexican political instability, Harding's absence from the dinner,[31] and the fact that the dinner's extravagance attracted press coverage, leading to a government inquiry, scaring off Webb's investors.[42] Webb was awarded $6,000 by the judge when the trial ended, with the judge finding that Webb had previously received $2,000 from Mackay.[44][45]

Presidential election of 1928

Campaign history

In the 1928 presidential election, Webb bolted from the Republican Party and received the Farmer–Labor Party's nomination.[3] His selection came as a surprise to those familiar with him, as he had seldom involved himself in politics besides having a close friendship with many Republican leaders.[46] Just months prior to his nomination, Webb felt that bolting from the Republican Party would make him a laughingstock among his associates, but he sought and received the nomination nonetheless.[3]

Webb refused to run alongside Senator J. Thomas Heflin of Alabama, chiefly because he believed Heflin had attended cheap burlesque shows.[47] Senator James A. Reed of Missouri was nominated as the party's candidate for vice president; however, he declined, remarking "Who the hell is Webb?" and making clear his support for Al Smith.[48][49][47] This remark was embraced by the party, with Webb and the Farmer–Labor Party including the remark in campaign literature, such as pamphlets and party bulletins.[2][50] Dr. Henry Quincy Alexander of North Carolina was then nominated as the party's candidate for vice president, however he later withdrew his name from the ticket and endorsed Al Smith.[50][4][51] Leroy R. Tillman of Georgia was then nominated as the party's candidate for vice president, with him being nominated because no more prominent individual could be found who was willing to serve.[50]

Platform

Webb campaigned on farm relief, public ownership of utilities, no changes in immigration law, a nonpartisan cabinet, and a national referendum on prohibition, among other positions.[3]

Results

Webb appeared on the ballot in Colorado, Iowa, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. He received 6,390 votes.[52][c]

Presidential election of 1932

Farmer–Labor Party

In April 1932, Webb was again nominated as the Farmer–Labor Party's nominee for president, with Jacob S. Coxey being nominated for vice president.[54] His nomination met significant opposition due to his wealth.[55] In June 1932, he was erased from the ticket after refusing to endorse the party platform in whole, and after it was charged that he lived in Washington, D.C., and not San Francisco, California.[55][d] The party reached the conclusion that he was "a spy for Hoover".[55]

Liberty Party

Campaign history

In July 1932, Roland Bruner, who claimed to be the national chairman of the Liberty Party's executive committee,[e] called a unity convention in Kansas City, Missouri, to fuse together the "old Liberty, the Farmer–Labor, the Progressive and the Socialist parties and the Monetary League and the Farmers' Union" in order to solidify the opposition to the Democrats and Republicans.[61][62] After considering the nominations of Smith W. Brookhart, Norman Thomas, Coin Harvey, and Jacob S. Coxey,[63] among others, the convention nominated Webb for president and Andrae Nordskog for vice president.[64] The nomination of Webb and Nordskog was ridiculed as they were both Californians, and therefore constitutionally ineligible of being awarded California's electoral votes.[65][66] In September 1932, Reverend Otis L. Spurgeon, a Baptist minister and the national secretary of Bruner's Liberty Party, replaced Nordskog as the vice presidential nominee.[67][68] The Socialist and Farmer–Labor parties, and most other organizations claimed to fuse at the convention, disavowed any claims of fusion.[69][70][71] The old Liberty Party called the convention illegitimate and said that Bruner was falsely representing himself as the chairman of its executive committee.[72] In April 1932, the old Liberty Party had merged with the Jobless Party, planning to nominate a single candidate for president at an August convention of the "Jobless-Liberty" Party.[73] The merger collapsed shortly after the convention began, with the Liberty Party delegates present at the convention renominating Coin Harvey for president.[74][73][f] Bruner's Liberty Party demanded Harvey cease claiming to be the Liberty Party nominee, promising litigation if he refused.[75][76] The existence of two Liberty parties severely impeded the campaign, with the party only fundraising $350 ($8,066 in 2024).[68][77] In November 1932, prior to the election, Bruner's Liberty Party declared that it would not win, blaming the poor fundraising.[68] Spurgeon endorsed Hoover and Webb declared that it would be better for the country if Herbert Hoover was reelected rather than if Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency, though he refrained from making a formal endorsement.[78]

Platform

  1. Retention and observance of the entire Constitution of the United States.[g]
  2. Government banks, operated for service only.
  3. Strict enforcement of the Sherman Anti-trust laws and restraint of trade acts.
  4. Cost of production plus a profit for the farmer.
  5. A 6-hour day and wages in keeping with industry.
  6. Expansion of currency dealing with unemployment and public improvements.
  7. Government supervision of public utilities.
  8. Protection of investments and capital only when invested in the United States.

The platform of the Liberty Party, with the exception of its first plank, was described as very similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's then-proposed New Deal.[79] The seventh plank originally called for government ownership of public utilities but it was changed to instead call for supervision at the request of Webb, who believed that government should not directly involve itself in business, except for matters concerning banking.[80]

Results

Roosevelt defeated Hoover's bid for reelection and won the presidency with 42 states and 57.41% of the popular vote.[81] The Liberty Party appeared on just ten state ballots, and Harvey was present on the ballot or reputed as the nominee in eight of those states, with Webb not appearing on any state ballots. In California and New Mexico, where the presidential short ballot had not yet been adopted, the state Liberty Parties professed support for neither Webb nor Harvey.[82][83][h] In California, the highest vote total for a Liberty Party elector was 9,827 votes,[84] and in New Mexico, the highest vote total for a Liberty Party elector was 389 votes.[85]

Later years

In February 1933, Webb wished the incoming Roosevelt administration the best of luck and said he would serve in it if called upon.[86] In the years following the 1932 election, Webb organized and participated in various third party efforts, though they would not approach the scale or success of his previous efforts. For instance, he served as the chairman of the Constitutional Party, but it never appeared on any ballots and did not garner significant media attention.[87]

Webb died suddenly on June 15, 1949, at his home in Washington, D.C. He was 79 years old.[26] When he passed Webb was described as forgotten,[88] though when he was remembered, it was mostly for his efforts to build a bridge that spanned the San Francisco Bay.[89]

Notes

  1. ^ The wing that nominated Webb was sometimes reported to be known as the Liberty and Unity Party, Liberty Unity Party, or just the Unity Party.
  2. ^ This is partially contradicted by an article published in The New York Times, which states that he was 63 years old on August 14, 1932.[1] All sources are in agreement that he was born in 1869.
  3. ^ He received 1,092 votes in Colorado, 3,088 votes in Iowa, 1,283 votes in Oklahoma, and 927 votes in South Dakota.[53]
  4. ^ At the National Farmer–Labor Convention, had Webb not been allowed to cast California's votes for himself as its delegate, he would have lacked the necessary support to become the nominee. The convention had initially deadlocked because he was not allowed to cast California's votes, but shortly before the convention was set to end he was allowed to vote for California, giving him enough support to become the party's nominee.
  5. ^ Bruner had been appointed to the executive committee at its August 1931 convention.[56] Soon after the convention, the executive committee became estranged from Coin Harvey, the party's nominee for president,[57] with him demanding, and receiving, the resignations of many committeemen, including Bruner, who had ascended to become the national chairman of the committee.[58] In the months following Bruner's resignation, Harvey and more members of the party became estranged, such as its vice presidential nominee, Andrae Nordskog, who Harvey demanded resign his place on the ticket.[57][59] By June 1932, Bruner was ignoring his previous resignation and presenting himself as the chairman of the executive committee.[60]
  6. ^ The Jobless Party delegates present at the convention nominated Cox, a few minutes before and a few miles away from the Liberty Party delegates.[73]
  7. ^ The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution established prohibition. This plank declared the party to be supportive of retaining the amendment and strict enforcement of the Volstead Act.
  8. ^ In California, the state party had supported Harvey until they heard reports he dropped out of the race. In New Mexico, the state party did not name the candidate their electors intended to support, and did not seem to know when asked after the election who they had intended to support.

References

  1. ^ "MAPS PRESIDENTIAL RACE.; Webb, Choice of Liberty and Unity Party, Sees Gains in Far West". The New York Times. August 15, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c TIME (October 8, 1928). "MINOR PARTIES: Mr. Webb". TIME. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e "He Quit Ranks of G.O.P. to Lead Farm-Labor Party". Okmulgee Daily Times. September 13, 1928. p. 5. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Spurr, J. Edwin (September 21, 1928). "Farmer-Labor Party Bulletin". The Tuttle Times. p. 2. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  5. ^ "F. W. Webb Would Run". The Kansas City Star. December 6, 1931. p. 8. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
  6. ^ a b "Colonel Frank Elbridge Webb". The Tuttle Times. October 26, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  7. ^ a b c "Webb Would Make Ideal President Says Leader". The Times. September 8, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved June 4, 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d "Bridge Plan Told By Noted Engineer". The San Francisco Journal and Daily Journal of Commerce. October 8, 1922. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  9. ^ "Obituary for Adelaide E. Webb". San Francisco Chronicle. March 29, 1896. p. 34. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  10. ^ "Night-School Graduates". The San Francisco Examiner. June 12, 1886. p. 1. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
  11. ^ "Colonel Frank Elbridge Webb". The Tuttle Times. October 26, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2025.
  12. ^ a b "Defense's Day of Minute Details - Those Everlasting Crocket Documents - The End of Kelly Alibis". San Francisco Chronicle. August 24, 1897. p. 7. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  13. ^ "Obituary for Adelaide E. Webb". Alameda Times Star. March 28, 1896. p. 1. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  14. ^ a b "Appraiser of Customs". Alameda Times Star. April 13, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  15. ^ a b "Fun With the General's Aide". The San Francisco Examiner. August 24, 1897. p. 12. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  16. ^ Burg, William (July 2, 2018). "Showdown at the Shops: The 1894 Pullman Strike". Sacramentality. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  17. ^ "Frank Webb Preparing to Organize a Cowboy Company". The Daily Encinal. April 15, 1898. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  18. ^ Havel, James (1996). U.S. Presidential Candidates and the Elections: A Biographical and Historical Guide. p. 610.
  19. ^ "Captain Frank E. Webb". The San Francisco Call and Post. January 26, 1897. p. 7. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  20. ^ "A Play For Time". The San Francisco Call and Post. April 11, 1897. p. 10. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  21. ^ "F. E. Webb Will Be an Important Witness in Another Phase of the Case". The San Francisco Examiner. January 27, 1897. p. 16. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  22. ^ "Capt. Frank E. Webb". Oakland Tribune. February 11, 1899. p. 3. Retrieved August 11, 2025.
  23. ^ "Frank A. [sic] Webb". The Daily Encinal. April 2, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  24. ^ "General John J. Dickinson Died At Healdsburg Sunday". Santa Rosa Republican. August 23, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  25. ^ "Frank Webb Preparing to Organize a Cowboy Company". The Daily Encinal. April 15, 1898. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  26. ^ a b "Ex-Presidential Candidate Dies". The Oregon Daily Journal. June 16, 1949. p. 21. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  27. ^ "Elmhurst". Oakland Enquirer. January 3, 1899. p. 2. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  28. ^ "Frank Webb has resigned his position". Oakland Tribune. January 3, 1900. p. 3. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  29. ^ "Retain Revenue Office Here". Oakland Tribune. December 12, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  30. ^ "Shootings Exaggerated". The Boston Daily Globe. May 15, 1906. p. 11. Retrieved July 10, 2025.
  31. ^ a b c "Vanderbilt Kin Named In Suit". The San Francisco Examiner. January 15, 1927. p. 5. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  32. ^ "Richest Club Takes Vanderbilt's 'Idle Hour'". New York Herald. January 15, 1922. p. 73. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  33. ^ "Club Plan For "Idle Hour" Fizzles". The Herald Statesman. December 12, 1923. p. 14. Retrieved April 28, 2025.
  34. ^ a b Imboden, Daniel (September 28, 1922). "Coyote Bridge To Open Door From S. F. To Interior". The San Francisco Journal and Daily Journal of Commerce. pp. 5, 7. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  35. ^ "Pacific Coast News - San Mateo County". The San Francisco Journal and Daily Journal of Commerce. June 22, 1922. p. 9. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  36. ^ "Work To Start on Dumbarton Span Next Month". Redwood City Standard. January 3, 1924. p. 1. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  37. ^ "Franchise For Bridge In Shift". The San Francisco Examiner. August 18, 1925. p. 15. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  38. ^ "Request of Frank E. Webb For Further Continuance Turned Down By Co. Board". Redwood City Tribune. August 17, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  39. ^ "Supervisors Deny Candlestick Point Bridge Franchise". The Times. May 14, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved May 4, 2025.
  40. ^ "'Lobby' Suit Strikes Oil". The San Francisco Examiner. January 20, 1927. p. 13. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  41. ^ a b "Political Intrigue Laid to Harding". The Brooklyn Daily Times. January 14, 1927. p. 31. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
  42. ^ a b c "'Lobby' Fund of $100,000 Bared in Suit". The San Francisco Examiner. January 14, 1927. pp. 1, 11. Retrieved May 5, 2025.
  43. ^ "LITIGANT REFERS TO HAROLD VANDERBILT; Witness Wrote in Letter of Illegal Removal of Idle Hour Treasures". The New York Times. January 15, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
  44. ^ a b "Former U.S. Colonel Wins $6,000 Verdict". Evening star. January 22, 1927. p. 16. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
  45. ^ "Colonel Wins Suit For $6,000 on Notes". The San Francisco Examiner. January 22, 1927. p. 22. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  46. ^ "Bay Bridge Promoter Is Nominated By Farmer-Labor Party". The Times. September 5, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  47. ^ a b "Fill Farmer-Labor Ticket". The Grand Rapids Press. September 7, 1928. p. 2. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  48. ^ "Farmer-Labor Ticket Filled". The Grand Rapids Press. September 7, 1928. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  49. ^ "Reed Not To Be With Webb On New Ticket; Candidate Webb Sued Here For Bill For Meat". The Times. September 7, 1928. p. 1. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  50. ^ a b c Spurr, J. Edwin (October 5, 1928). "Farmer-Labor Party Bulletin". The Tuttle Times. p. 2. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  51. ^ "Farmer-Laborite to Back Smith". The New York Times. September 26, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  52. ^ "1928 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  53. ^ "Nominee By New Party". The Kansas City Times. July 5, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved March 5, 2025.
  54. ^ "Webb and Coxey Chosen Farmer-Labor Nominees". The Atlanta Journal. April 28, 1932. p. 6. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  55. ^ a b c "Huey Long Urged – Farmer-Labor Party Seeks Presidential Candidate". The Bellingham Herald. June 20, 1932. p. 10. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  56. ^ "80-Year-Old Vet Of Many Battles Is Finally Named By Liberty Party (pg. 2)". The Springfield News-Leader. August 27, 1931. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2025.
  57. ^ a b "80-Year-Old Vet Of Many Battles Is Finally Named By Liberty Party". The Springfield News-Leader. August 27, 1931. p. 1. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  58. ^ "Harvey Names Chairman". Springfield Leader and Press. December 31, 1931. p. 4. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  59. ^ "Liberty Party Not Entirely At Peace". Progress-Bulletin. March 18, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  60. ^ "A Third Party Parley Here". The Kansas City Times. June 2, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  61. ^ "Third Party To Have Ticket". The Peninsula Times Tribune. July 4, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  62. ^ "Webb and Nordskog On Ticket Named By New Liberty Party". Daily Sentinel. July 5, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  63. ^ "Liberty Party Selects Webb". The Sacramento Union. July 5, 1932. p. 4. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  64. ^ "LIBERTY PARTY NOMINATES.; Names Webb and Nordskog as Its Presidential Ticket". The New York Times. July 5, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
  65. ^ "Two From California". The Sacramento Union. July 10, 1932. p. 16. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  66. ^ "Third Party Names Ticket, But It's Unconstitutional". Daily News. July 5, 1932. p. 348. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  67. ^ "Kansas City Cleric Gets Liberty Party Candidacy". The Sacramento Bee. September 23, 1932. p. 19. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  68. ^ a b c "Liberty Party Gives Up". The Kansas City Times. November 3, 1932. p. 9. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  69. ^ "'Third Parties' Are Beckoning". The Missoulian. July 12, 1932. p. 7. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
  70. ^ "Socialists Deny Liberty Party Deal". Oakland Tribune. July 8, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved March 6, 2025.
  71. ^ "Parties For One Banner". The Kansas City Times. July 2, 1932. p. 14. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  72. ^ "'Coin' Harvey In Statement". The Springfield Press. June 24, 1932. p. 12. Retrieved March 12, 2025.
  73. ^ a b c "Rival Heads of 'Jobless' Party Split". The Californian. August 17, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  74. ^ "Jobless Liberty Party Chiefs in Convention Row". Modesto News-Herald. August 17, 1932. p. 9. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  75. ^ "'Coin' Harvey Un-Nominated". Detroit Free Press. September 1, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  76. ^ "Liberty Party Head Facing Legal Fight". Evening star. September 1, 1932. p. 6. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  77. ^ "A Block In Coin Harvey". The Kansas City Star. August 30, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  78. ^ "Liberty Nominee For Hoover". The Kansas City Times. November 5, 1932. p. 17. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  79. ^ "Frank Elbridge Webb of the District of Columbia – Unity Party". Mid-West Progressive. November 3, 1932. p. 7. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  80. ^ "Nominee Disagrees". Evening star. July 5, 1932. p. 22. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  81. ^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 26, 2025.
  82. ^ "Progressive League Now Backs Hoover". Oakland Tribune. November 2, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  83. ^ "Liberty Party Is Candidate Puzzle". Carlsbad Current-Argus. November 25, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  84. ^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results – California". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
  85. ^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results – New Mexico". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
  86. ^ "Work for Roosevelt? Frank Webb Is Willing". Omaha World-Herald. February 11, 1933. p. 14. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
  87. ^ "Political Slants". The Los Angeles Times. March 18, 1936. p. 11. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
  88. ^ "Was Forgotten U.S. Candidate". The Expositor. June 16, 1949. p. 30. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  89. ^ "Frank Webb, Span Pioneer, Dies At 79". The Times. June 16, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved February 21, 2025.
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