Exocarpos bidwillii

Exocarpos bidwillii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Santalaceae
Genus: Exocarpos
Species:
E. bidwillii
Binomial name
Exocarpos bidwillii

Exocarpos bidwillii is a small, sprawling, leafless shrub endemic to New Zealand and is a member of the family Santalaceae, most of which are regarded as root hemiparasites.[1] In this instance there is a body of opinion that Exocarpos bidwillii may not be parasitic.[1][2]

Distribution and habitat

It is found mainly in montane to subalpine open areas, mostly in rocky places of the South Island, from latitudes 41° to 45° 30' (corrected from H.H. Allan's mid-ocean figure of 48° 30').[3]

Host plants include snow tōtara, tāwhai rauriki, and mānuka.[4]

Etymology and taxonomy

The species name is after John Carne Bidwill.[5]

Exocarpos bidwillii is in the Santalaceae family.[6] The name of the species was given by Joseph Hooker.[7]

Phenology

According to Allan 1961 Exocarpos bidwillii flowering occurs January to February, and fruiting January to April.[3][8] iNaturalist observations indicate that the peak month for flowering is September and for fruiting is December and January.[9] Recent extensive field observations in three sites in the Nelson Mineral Belt with macro photography have provided clear identification of reproductive anatomy at each phenological stage.[10][11]

  • Fruit of E. bidwillii
    Fruit of E. bidwillii
  • Early stage seedling with cotyledons and emerging stem.
    Early stage seedling with cotyledons and emerging stem.
  • Female flowers, ca. 2.00mm across. Peak flowering mid August to mid October.
    Female flowers, ca. 2.00mm across. Peak flowering mid August to mid October.
  • Typical habitat on Mt. Isobel, Hanmer Springs
    Typical habitat on Mt. Isobel, Hanmer Springs
  • Exocarpos bidwillii with seedlings. Wairau Valley, NZ.
    Exocarpos bidwillii with seedlings. Wairau Valley, NZ.
  • Exocarpos bidwillii with immature fruit. Cobb Ridge, NZ.
    Exocarpos bidwillii with immature fruit. Cobb Ridge, NZ.

References

  1. ^ a b Fineran, B. A. (1963). "Studies on the root parasitism of Exocarpos bidwillii Hook, f. IV. Structure of the mature haustorium". Phytomorph. 13: 249–267.
  2. ^ Fineran, Brian (1963-08-24). "Parasitism In Exocarpus bidwillii Hook. f." Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand: Botany. 2 (8): 109–119.
  3. ^ a b Allan, H. H. (1961). Flora of New Zealand. Indigenous tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. Government Printer. OCLC 1282444389.
  4. ^ Moore, Lucy B.; Irwin, J. B. (1978). The Oxford book of New Zealand plants. Wellington ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-558035-8.
  5. ^ Mabberley, D.J. (1996). "Plant introduction and hybridisation in colonial New South Wales: the work of John Carne Bidwill, Sydney's first director". Telopea. 6 (4): 541–562. doi:10.7751/telopea19963023.
  6. ^ "Exocarpos bidwillii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2025-02-11.
  7. ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton; Hooker, Joseph Dalton; Fitch, W. H.; Brothers, Reeve (1853). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. v.2:pt.1(1853). London: Reeve Brothers.
  8. ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Exocarpos bidwillii". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 2025-02-11.
  9. ^ "Exocarpos bidwillii". iNaturalist NZ. Retrieved 2025-02-11.
  10. ^ Cunningham, D.M. (28 February 2025). "Exocarpos bidwillii, recent assessment of phenological phases". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
  11. ^ Cunningham, D.M. (26 February 2025). "Exocarpos bidwillii phenology". Flickr. Retrieved 2025-03-04.


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