Dhimalish languages

Dhimalish
Dhimal–Lhokpu–Toto
Geographic
distribution		India, Nepal
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologdhim1247
Map of the Dhimalish languages

The Dhimalish languages, Dhimal and Toto, are a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and the Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, India.

Classification

Hammarström, et al.[1] note in Glottolog that Dhimalish is best considered to be a separate Sino-Tibetan branch rather than as a subgroup of Brahmaputran (Sal), and consider Dhimalish as failing to show sufficient Brahmaputran diagnostic vocabulary. Sotrug (2015)[2] considers Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the Kiranti languages rather than to the Sal languages.

Grollmann & Gerber (2017)[3] consider Lhokpu to have a particularly close relationship with Dhimal and Toto.

Gerber & Grollmann (2018)[4] group Dhimal, Toto, and Lhokpu within Central-Eastern Kiranti.

Comparative vocabulary

Sanyal (1973:77–81) provides a comparative word list of Toto from Sunder (1895)[5] and George Abraham Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India,[6] and Dhimal from Brian Houghton Hodgson.[7][8]

English gloss Toto (Sunder) Toto (Grierson) Dhimal (Hodgson) Page no.
air bingah – – 77
ass – pangbu – 77
brother eh apu; e yolla 77
belly – pa-ma hemang 77
back – ju-ma gandi 77
brinjal bengini – – 77
bird – bakhi jiha 77
behind – no – 77
blood viti – – 77
beat – sapu – 77
before – dongangta – 77
bullock pekah-dambe – – 77
cat minki minki dankha-menko 77
cock odangpa keka dhangai-kai 77
come quickly to-to-wa-wang le-le dhi-dhi 77
cow – pika mahani-pia 77
daughter memi-cheng chai-me chamdi 77
devil – jishang – 77
duck hangsa hangsa hangs 77
die – sipuna sili 77
dog kia kia khia 77
down – lijuing – 77
door lafoong – duar 77
eat – char chabi 77
eye michu – mi 77
eyebrow mimu – – 77
elephant hati – – 77
elder sister anna – – 77
evening jilong – – 78
ear nanoong – naha-thong 78
far – hinda-mina – 78
fire meh megue mau 78
forehead ting-ang – – 78
foot tang-ba – kokoi 78
father appa apa aba 78
of father – apak – 78
two fathers – apa-nisa – 78
fish ngya – – 78
fever haina – – 78
good – entana – 78
give – picha – 78
girl chame – – 78
god – iswal – 78
go north enta-vatu – – 78
go east nuta-vatu – – 78
go south leta-vatu – – 78
go west dita-vatu – – 78
go vatu; hatu chhapur hadeli 78
hair puring puring poshom 78
he – – wa 78
he-goat edang – – 78
horse onyah aia – 78
high – hinda-nina – 78
hand kooe kui khur 78
his uko – oko, wang 78
head pudung pudang purin 78
house – sa sa 78
I kug-ve kate ka 78
iron – chaka chir 78
jackfruit dangse – – 79
jungle bamboo – – – 79
lips megoe – – 79
leg kok-koi – khokoi 79
lime churai – – 79
man – deya waved 79
mother aeu aio amma 79
mouth noohgung – – 79
monkey nokka – – 79
milk yoti – – 79
moon tari tari tali 79
morning habkong – – 79
nose nabboh – – 79
nails kushing – – 79
near – abeto – 79
night lishong – – 79
no – ma-koe – 79
orange santra – – 79
our kongo – king 79
pig pakka – – 79
pan leaf parai – – 79
plantain eungpi – – 79
plantain tree eungpi – – 79
paddy mabe – – 79
river tihana – – 79
rain vathi – – 79
rice unku – – 79
rice-beer eu – – 79
run – tui – 79
rupee tanka – – 79
sister – ing rima 79
sun sani chhani bela 79
son chung chao, chaoa chau 79
stand – lo-lo – 79
star puima – – 79
salt ngi – – 80
sit – iyung yongli 80
tiger koogah – – 80
thigh vybe – – 80
thou – na-ga – 80
tree singe – – 80
tooth shitang – sitong 80
tongue lebek – detong 80
up – jujuntaye – 80
water ti ti chi 80
we – na-te kyel 80
woman – mem-bi beval 80
wife – me be 80
who – ha jeti-siti 80
why – ha-ranga haipali 80
younger sister ing – – 80
yes – ke he 80
you naga – nye 80
1 eoo che e-long 80
2 nih-hu ne gne-long 80
3 soongu sung sum-long 80
4 diu ji dia-long 80
5 ngyu nga na-long 80
6 tuu tu tu-long 80
7 niu dun nhu-long 80
8 yau ge, ne ye-long 80
9 kuu gu kuha-long 80
10 thau chu-tamba te-long 80
20 chuniso nisa e-long-bisha 81
100 nakai nga-kai na-long-bisha 81

See also

References

  1. ^ "Glottolog 4.4 – Kenaboi".
  2. ^ Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.
  3. ^ Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.
  4. ^ Pascal Gerber; Selin Grollmann (2018). What is Kiranti? A Critical Account. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11 (2018) 99–152.
  5. ^ Sunder, D. H. E. 1895. Survey and Settlement of Western Duars in the District of Jalpaiguri, 1889–1895.
  6. ^ Grierson, George A. 1909. Linguistic Survey of India (Vol. III, Part I, Tibeto-Burman Family: Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects and the North Assam Group). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  7. ^ Hodgson, Brian. 1874. Essays on the Languages, Literatures, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet. London: Truebner and Co.
  8. ^ Hodgson, Brian Houghton. 1880. Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects (2 vols.). London: Trübner & Co.
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