David Smith (sculptor)

For David Smith, Australian sculptor of the 1970s, see Optronic Kinetics.

David Smith
Portrait of David Smith, by Dan Budnik
Born
Roland David Smith

(1906-03-09)March 9, 1906
Decatur, Indiana, US
DiedMay 23, 1965(1965-05-23) (aged 59)
South Shaftsbury, Vermont, US
Known forSculpture
Notable work
  • Helmholtzian Landscape (1946)
  • Hudson River Landscape (1951)
  • Tanktotem I (1952)
  • Agricola V (1952)
  • Voltri VI (1962)
  • Cubi VI (1963)
MovementAbstract expressionism, Modernist
CUBI VI (1963), Israel Museum, Jerusalem

Roland David Smith (March 9, 1906 – May 23, 1965) was an American abstract expressionist sculptor and painter known for creating large steel abstract geometric sculptures.

Born in Decatur, Indiana, Smith initially pursued painting, receiving training at the Art Students League in New York from 1926 to 1930. However, his artistic journey took a transformative turn in the early 1930s when he shifted his focus to sculpture.

In the early phase of his career, he crafted welded metal constructions that incorporated industrial objects, foreshadowing later developments in sculpture.

During the 1940s and 1950s, his work shifted to more personal, landscape-inspired sculptures. These works possessed a delicate linear quality, akin to drawing in metal, and echoed the aesthetics of contemporary painting. Notably, Smith cultivated strong friendships with renowned Abstract Expressionist painters, including Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell, illustrating the interplay between different art forms during this period.

By the late 1950s, his sculptures started to assume monumental proportions. Using overlapping geometric plates of highly polished steel, his works developed a reductive and geometric aesthetic. These massive pieces of the 1960s are considered precursors to the minimal "primary structures" that emerged later in the decade, further exemplifying Smith's forward-thinking approach to sculpture.

Early life

Roland David Smith was born on March 9, 1906, in Decatur, Indiana and moved to Paulding, Ohio in 1921, where he attended high school. His mother was a school teacher and a devout Methodist; his father was a telephone engineer and part-time inventor, who fostered a reverence for machinery in Smith.[1]

From 1924 to 1925, he attended Ohio University in Athens (one year) and the University of Notre Dame, which he left after two weeks because there were no art courses. In between, Smith took a summer job working on the assembly line of the Studebaker automobile factory in South Bend, Indiana. He then briefly studied art and poetry at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.[2]

Moving to New York in 1926, he met Dorothy Dehner (to whom he was married from 1927 to 1952) and, on her advice,[3] joined her painting studies at the Art Students League of New York. Among his teachers were the American painter John Sloan and the Czech modernist painter Jan Matulka, who had studied with Hans Hofmann. Matulka introduced Smith to the work of Picasso, Mondrian, Kandinsky, and the Russian Constructivists. In 1929, Smith met John D. Graham, who later introduced him to the welded-steel sculpture of Pablo Picasso and Julio González.[4]

History

Early work

Smith's early friendship with painters such as Adolph Gottlieb and Milton Avery was reinforced during the Depression of the 1930s, when he participated in the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project in New York.[3] Through the Russian émigré artist John Graham, Smith met avant-garde artists such as Stuart Davis, Arshile Gorky and Willem de Kooning. He also discovered the welded sculptures of Julio González and Picasso, which led to an increasing interest in combining painting and construction.

In the Virgin Islands in 1931–32, Smith made his first sculpture from pieces of coral.[4] In 1932, he installed a forge and anvil in his studio at the farm in Bolton Landing that he and Dehner had bought a few years earlier. Smith started by making three-dimensional objects from wood, wire, coral, soldered metal and other found materials but soon graduated to using an oxyacetylene torch to weld metal heads, which are probably the first welded metal sculptures ever made in the United States. A single work may consist of several materials, differentiated by varied patinas and polychromy.[3]

Early Smith: Ancient Household of 1945, bronze, in the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

In 1940, the Smiths distanced themselves from the New York art scene and moved permanently to Bolton Landing near Lake George in Upstate New York. At Bolton Landing, he ran his studio like a factory, stocked with large amounts of raw material.[3] The artist would put his sculptures in what is referred to as an upper and lower field, and sometimes he would put them in rows, "as if they were farm crops".[5]

During World War II, Smith worked as a welder for the American Locomotive Company, Schenectady, NY assembling locomotives and M7 tanks. He taught at Sarah Lawrence College.[6]

After 1945

After the war, with the additional skills that he had acquired, Smith released his pent-up energy and ideas in a burst of creation between 1945 and 1946. His output soared and he went about perfecting his own, very personal symbolism.

Traditionally, metal sculpture meant bronze casts, which artisans produced using a mold made by the artist. Smith, however, made his sculptures from scratch, welding together pieces of steel and other metals with his torch, in much the same way that a painter applied paint to a canvas; his sculptures are almost always unique works.

Smith, who often said, "I belong with the painters", made sculptures of subjects that had never before been shown in three dimensions. He made sculptural landscapes (e.g. Hudson River Landscape), still life sculptures (e.g. Head as Still Life) and even a sculpture of a page of writing (The Letter). Perhaps his most revolutionary concept was that the only difference between painting and sculpture was the addition of a third dimension; he declared that the sculptor's "conception is as free as a that of the painter. His wealth of response is as great as his draftsmanship."[7]

Smith was awarded the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship in 1950, which was renewed the following year. Freed from financial constraints, he made more and larger pieces, and for the first time was able to afford to make whole sculptures in stainless steel. He also began his practice of making sculptures in series, the first of which were the Agricolas of 1951–59. He steadily gained recognition, lecturing at universities and participating in symposia. He separated from Dehner in 1950, with divorce in 1952.[6] During his time as a visiting artist at Indiana University, Bloomington, in 1955 and 1956, Smith produced the Forgings, a series of eleven industrially forged steel sculptures.[8] To create the Forgings, he cut, plugged, flattened, pinched and bent each steel bar, later polishing, rusting, painting, lacquering or waxing its surface.[9]

Beginning in the mid-1950s, Smith explored the technique of burnishing his stainless steel sculptures with a sander, a technique that would find its fullest expression in his Cubi series (1961–65). The scale of his works continued to increase - Tanktotem III of 1953 is 7' tall; Zig I from 1961 is 8'; and 5 Ciarcs from 1963 is almost 13' tall. Finally, in the late 1950s Smith began using spray paint - then still a new medium - to create stenciled shapes out of negative space, in works closely tied to his late-career turn toward geometric planes and solids.[10]

His family was also getting bigger; he remarried and had two daughters, Rebecca (born 1954) and Candida (born 1955). He named quite a few of his later works in honor of his children (e.g., Bec-Dida Day, 1963, Rebecca Circle, 1961, Hi Candida, 1965).

The February 1960 issue of Arts magazine was devoted to Smith's work; later that year he had his first West Coast exhibition, a solo show at the Everett Ellin Gallery in Los Angeles. The following year he rejected a third-place award at the Carnegie International, saying “the awards system in our day is archaic.”[11]

In 1962, Gian Carlo Menotti invited Smith to make sculptures for the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto.[5] Given open access to an abandoned steel mill and provided with a group of assistants, he produced an amazing 27 pieces in 30 days. Not yet finished with the themes he developed, he had tons of steel shipped from Italy to Bolton Landing, and over the next 18 months he made another 25 sculptures known as the Voltri-Bolton series.

Works

Major works

Cubi series

Main article: Cubi

Smith often worked in series.[12] He is perhaps best known for the Cubis, which were among the last pieces he completed before his death. The sculptures in this series are made of stainless steel with a hand-brushed finish reminiscent of the gestural strokes of Abstract Expressionist painting. The Cubi works consist of arrangements of geometric shapes, which highlight his interest in balance and the contrast between positive and negative space.

In 2005, Cubi XXVIII was sold to Los Angeles philanthropist Eli Broad at Sotheby's for $23.8 million, breaking a record for the most expensive piece of contemporary art ever sold at auction.[13]

Paintings and drawings

Untitled (Green Linear Nude) by David Smith, c. 1964, Honolulu Museum of Art

Even though he's primarily known as a sculptor, Smith painted and drew throughout his life. By 1953, he was producing between 300 and 400 drawings a year. His subjects encompassed the figure and landscape, as well as gestural, almost calligraphic marks made with egg yolk, Chinese ink and brushes and, in the late 1950s, the "sprays".[3] He usually signed his drawings with the ancient Greek letters delta and sigma, meant to stand for his initials.[14] In the winter of 1963–64, he began a series known as the "Last Nudes". The paintings in this series are essentially drawings of nudes on canvas. He drew with enamel paint squeezed from syringes or bottles onto a canvas spread onto the floor.[15] Untitled (Green Linear Nude) is painted in a metallic olive green enamel, and exemplifies the artist's late action paintings.

Other works

Prior to the Cubis, Smith gained widespread attention for his sculptures often described as "drawings in space". He was originally trained as a painter and draftsman, and sculptures such as Hudson River Landscape (1950) and The Letter (both 1950) blurred the distinctions between sculpture and painting. These works make use of delicate tracery rather than solid form, with a two-dimensional appearance that contradicts the traditional idea of sculpture in the round.

As with many artists from the Modernist period, including Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, much of Smith's early work was heavily influenced by Surrealism. Some of the best examples are seen in the Medals for Dishonor, a series of bronze reliefs that speak out against the atrocities of war. Images from these medals are strange, nightmarish, and often violent. His own descriptions give a vivid picture of the medals and strongly express condemnation of these acts, such as this statement about Propaganda for War (1939–40):

The rape of the mind by machines of death – the Hand of God points to atrocities. Atop the curly bull the red cross nurse blows the clarinet. The horse is dead in this bullfight arena – the bull is docile, can be ridden.[16]

Title Year Description
Widow's Lament 1942-43 Bronze, steel; wood base, paint
Home of the Welder 1945 Steel, bronze
Big Diamond 1952 Steel, paint
Voltri XV 1962 Steel
Saw Head 1963 Cast iron, steel, bronze, paint
Cubi XII 1963 Stainless steel
Cubi XIII 1963 Stainless steel
Cubi XV 1963 Stainless steel
Cubi XI 1963 Stainless Steel
Cubi VII 1963 Stainless Steel
Cubi XXVI 1965 Stainless Steel

Exhibitions and collections

Exhibitions

Smith's first solo show of drawings and welded-steel sculpture was held at the Willard Gallery in New York in 1938.[4] In 1941, Smith sculptures were included in two traveling exhibitions organized by the Museum of Modern Art and were shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art's Annual exhibition in New York.

Smith represented the United States in the 1951 São Paulo Art Biennial and at the Venice Biennale in 1954 and 1958. Six of his sculptures were included in an exhibition organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York, that traveled to Paris, Zurich, Düsseldorf, Stockholm, Helsinki, and Oslo in 1953–54; he was given a retrospective exhibition by MoMA in 1957. In 1961, the MoMA organized an exhibition of fifty Smith sculptures that traveled throughout the United States until the spring of 1963. At the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, "David Smith: Cubes and Anarchy" took a thematic look at the sculpture Smith produced between the Depression years and his death.[17]

Select solo exhibitions

  • New York, East River Gallery. David Smith: Steel Sculpture. January 19–February 5, 1938. Checklist.
  • New York, Willard Gallery. Medals for Dishonor. November 5–23, 1940. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, Buchholz Gallery and Willard Gallery. The Sculpture of David Smith. January 2–26, 1946. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, Willard Gallery and Kleemann Galleries. David Smith: Sculpture and Drawing. April 1–26, 1952. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, Kootz Gallery, in association with Willard Gallery. David Smith: New Sculpture. January 26–February 14, 1953. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, The Museum of Modern Art. David Smith. September 10–October 20, 1957. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, French & Company. David Smith: Paintings and Drawings. September 16–October 10, 1959. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, Fine Arts Associates. David Smith: Recent Sculpture. October 10–28, 1961. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Pittsburgh, PA, Carnegie Institute, Department of Fine Arts. One-Man Exhibitions Honoring Seven Artists in the 1961 Pittsburgh International: David Smith. October 27, 1961–January 7, 1962. Exhibition catalogue.
  • New York, Marlborough-Gerson Gallery. David Smith. October 15–November 16, 1964. Exhibition catalogue.
  • Otterlo, The Netherlands, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller. David Smith: 1906–1965. May 15–July 17, 1966. Organized by the International Council, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Exhibition catalogue for all venues. Traveled to: London, Tate Gallery, August 18–September 25, 1966; Basel, Switzerland, Kunsthalle, as David Smith: Skulpturen, October 25–November 23, 1966; Nuremberg, Germany, Kunsthalle Nürnberg, as David Smith: Skulpturen, January 14–February 20, 1967; Duisburg, Germany, Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum, as David Smith: Skulpturen, April 15–May 28, 1967.
  • Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, Fogg Art Museum. David Smith 1906–1965: A Retrospective Exhibition. opSeptember 28–November 15, 1966. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: Washington, DC, Washington Gallery of Modern Art, January 6–February 27, 1967.[18]
  • New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. David Smith. March 29–May 11, 1969. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: Dallas, Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, June 25–September 1, 1969; Washington, DC, Corcoran Gallery, October 17–December 7, 1969.
  • Stuttgart, West Germany, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. David Smith: Zeichnungen. January 31–February 29, 1976. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: Berlin, Nationalgalerie Berlin, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, March 16–May 2, 1976; Duisburg, West Germany, Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum der Stadt Duisburg, August 28–(date unknown), 1976.[19]
  • Mountainville, NY, Storm King Art Center. David Smith Exhibition. May 12–October 31, 1976. Exhibition catalogue.[20]
  • New York, Whitney Museum of American Art. David Smith: The Drawings. December 4, 1979–February 24, 1980. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: London, Serpentine Gallery, as Sculpture and Drawings, May 3–June 8, 1980; Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, February 1–March 15, 1981; Berkeley, CA, University of California, Berkeley Art Museum, September 9–November 1, 1981.[21]
  • Washington, DC, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. David Smith: Painter, Sculptor, Draftsman. November 4, 1982–January 2, 1983. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: San Antonio, TX, San Antonio Museum of Art, March 27–June 4, 1983.[22]
  • Washington, DC, National Gallery of Art. David Smith: Seven Major Themes. November 7, 1982–April 24, 1983. Exhibition catalogue.[23]
  • Düsseldorf, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen. David Smith: Skulpturen, Zeichnungen. March 14–April 27, 1986. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: Frankfurt, Städtische Galerie im Städelschen Kunstinstitut, June 19–September 28, 1986; London, Whitechapel Art Gallery, November 7, 1986–January 4, 1987.[24]
  • Tokyo, Sezon Museum of Art. David Smith. April 14–May 30, 1994. Organized by the Sezon Museum of Art and the International Sculpture Center, Washington, DC. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: Shizuoka, Japan, Shizuoka Prefectural Museum of Art, June 7–July 17, 1994; Shiga, Japan, Museum of Modern Art, July 26–September 25, 1994; Sakura, Japan, Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, October 5–November 20, 1994.[25]
  • New York, Matthew Marks Gallery. David Smith: Medals for Dishonor, 1937–1940. November 29, 1994–January 28, 1995. Checklist.[26]
  • Mountainville, NY, Storm King Art Center. The Fields of David Smith, Part I. May 19–November 16, 1997. Exhibition catalogue. Part II, May 18–November 15, 1998; Part III, May 17–November 15, 1999.[27][28]
  • New York, Matthew Marks Gallery. David Smith: Photographs, 1931–1965. March 7–April 8, 1998. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: San Francisco, Fraenkel Gallery, April 30–May 17, 1998.[29][30]
  • New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. David Smith on the Roof. May 16–November 15, 2000.[31]
  • Paris, École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Dessins de David Smith: un choix d’Alain Kirili. March 18–April 27, 2003. Exhibition catalogue.[32][33]
  • Valencia, Spain, Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Centre Julio González. David Smith, Draughtsman. Between Eros and Thanatos. July 15–September 26, 2004. Exhibition catalogue.[34]
  • New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. David Smith: A Centennial. February 3–May 14, 2006. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: London, Tate Modern, November 1, 2006–January 21, 2007.[35][36]
  • Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. David Smith: Cubes and Anarchy. April 3–July 24, 2011. Exhibition catalogue. Traveled to: New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, October 6, 2011–January 8, 2012; Columbus, OH, Wexner Center for the Arts, January 28–April 15, 2012.[37][38]
  • Zurich, Galerie Gmurzynska. David Smith: Points of Power. June 9–August 31, 2012. Exhibition catalogue.[39][40]
  • Williamstown, MA, Clark Art Institute. Raw Color: The Circles of David Smith. July 4–October 19, 2014. Exhibition catalogue.[41][42]
  • Mountainville, NY, Storm King Art Center. David Smith: The White Sculptures. May 13–November 12, 2017. Exhibition catalogue.[43][44]
  • New York, Hauser & Wirth. David Smith: Origins & Innovations. November 13–December 23, 2017. Exhibition catalogue.[45][46]
  • Wakefield, UK, Yorkshire Sculpture Park. David Smith: Sculpture 1932–1965. June 22, 2019–January 5, 2020. Exhibition catalogue.[47]
  • New York, Hauser & Wirth. No One Thing. David Smith, Late Sculptures. February 1–April 13, 2024.[48]
  • Grand Rapids, MI, Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park. David Smith: The Nature of Sculpture. September 23, 2024–March 2, 2025. Exhibition catalogue.[49][50]

Collections

Works by David Smith are included in major collections worldwide, including the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Storm King Art Center has 13 Smith sculptures in its collection.[51] The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection includes 5 Smith sculptures in is collection.[52]

Recognition

Death

Smith died in a car crash near Bennington, Vermont on May 23, 1965.[9] He was 59 years old.

Writings

  • Gray, Cleve, ed. David Smith by David Smith: Sculpture and Writings. New York, London: Thames & Hudson, 1968, rpt. 1989. ISBN 978-0-500-27520-7

See also

Notes

  1. ^ https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.2274.html#:~:text=His%20mother%20was%20a%20school,son%20a%20reverence%20for%20machinery.
  2. ^ In Depth: David Smith Archived January 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
  3. ^ a b c d e David Smith Museum of Modern Art, New York.
  4. ^ a b c David Smith Archived 2014-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
  5. ^ a b William Zimmer (September 19, 1999), "The Sculptures Of David Smith" The New York Times.
  6. ^ a b "David Smith Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works". theartstory.org. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  7. ^ Everyday Art Quarterly 23 (1952)
  8. ^ Roberta Smith (January 2, 2014), The Silent Totems of a Restless Quest The New York Times.
  9. ^ a b "David Smith: The Forgings, October 29, 2013 - January 11, 2014" Gagosian Gallery, New York.
  10. ^ David Smith: A Centennial, February 3 - May 14, 2006 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
  11. ^ Cleve Gray, David Smith by David Smith (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968), 40
  12. ^ David Smith, Cubi X (1963) Museum of Modern Art, New York.
  13. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (November 12, 2005). "Eli Broad buys a prized 'Cubi'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  14. ^ Christopher Knight (April 14, 2011), Art review: 'David Smith: Drawing Space' at Margo Leavin Gallery Los Angeles Times.
  15. ^ Honolulu Museum of Art, wall label, Untitled (Green Linear Nude) by David Smith, c. 1964, enamel on canvas, accession TCM.2007.1.5
  16. ^ David Smith: Medals for Dishonor, (New York: Independent Curators Incorporated, 1996), 48.
  17. ^ Christopher Knight (April 5, 2011), Art review: 'David Smith: Cubes and Anarchy' at Los Angeles County Museum of Art Los Angeles Times.
  18. ^ Cone, Jane Harrison, Statements by the artist. Interview by Katherine Kuh. Handlist by Jane Harrison Cone and Margaret Paul. (1966). David Smith 1906–1965. A Retrospective Exhibition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard College. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Wiese, Stephan V., and Gudrun Inboden (1976). David Smith: Zeichnungen. Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Storm King Art Center, Mountainville, NY, David Smith Exhibition, May 12–October 31, 1976.
  21. ^ Smith, David; Cummings, Paul (1979). David Smith: the drawings. Whitney Museum of American Art. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art. ISBN 978-0-87427-009-9.
  22. ^ Fry, Edward F.; Macclintic, Miranda (1982). David Smith: painter, sculptor, draftsman [exhibition held at Hirshhorn museum and sculpture garden, Washington, D.C., November 4, 1982-January 2, 1983 and at San Antonio museum of art, San Antonio, Texas, March 27-June 4, 1983]. Hirshhorn museum and sculpture garden. New York Washington: G. Braziller Smithsonian institution, Hirshhorn museum and sculpture garden. ISBN 978-0-8076-1056-5.
  23. ^ Carmean, E. A.; Smith, David (1982). David Smith. National Gallery of Art (U.S.). Washington: National Gallery of Art. ISBN 978-0-89468-061-8.
  24. ^ Smith, David; Merkert, Jörn; Kersting, Hannelore; Kirby, Rachel (1986). David Smith, sculpture and drawings. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany), Städtische Galerie im Städelschen Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, Whitechapel Art Gallery. Munich: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-0793-0.
  25. ^ "One-Person Exhibition History". Estate of David Smith. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  26. ^ "DAVID SMITH Medals for Dishonor 1937–1940 | Matthew Marks Gallery". DAVID SMITH Medals for Dishonor 1937–1940 | Matthew Marks Gallery. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  27. ^ "Storm King : Exhibition : The Fields of David Smith [EXH.104]". collections.stormking.org. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  28. ^ Smith, Candida N.; Smith, David; Sandler, Irving; Di Suvero, Mark (1999). The fields of David Smith. Storm King Art Center. Mountainville, N.Y. : New York, N.Y: Storm King Art Center ; Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01908-5.
  29. ^ "DAVID SMITH Photographs 1931–1965 | Matthew Marks Gallery". DAVID SMITH Photographs 1931–1965 | Matthew Marks Gallery. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  30. ^ Krauss, Rosalind, David Smith, Joan Pachner (1998). David Smith: Photographs 1931-1965. New York/San Francisco: Matthew Marks Gallery and Fraenkel Gallery.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "David Smith on the Roof". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  32. ^ "One-Person Exhibition History". Estate of David Smith. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  33. ^ Brugerolles, Emmanuelle (2003). Dessins de David Smith, 1906-1965: un choix d'Alain Kirili [exposition, Paris], Chapelle des Petits-Augustins, 18 mars-27 avril 2003. École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts. Paris: École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts. ISBN 978-2-84056-127-9.
  34. ^ "David Smith". IVAM (in Catalan). Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  35. ^ "Guggenheim Museum - Exhibitions - David Smith: A Centennial". pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  36. ^ Giménez, Carmen; Smith, David; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, eds. (2006). David Smith, a centennial: on the occasion of the Exhibition David Smith: A Centennial, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, February 3 - May 14, 2006 ...Tate Modern, London, October 25, 2006 - January 14, 2007. New York: Guggenheim Museum Publ. ISBN 978-0-89207-343-6.
  37. ^ "David Smith: Cubes and Anarchy | LACMA". www.lacma.org. January 13, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  38. ^ Eliel, Carol S.; Bedford, Christopher; Potts, Alex; Wagner, Anne M.; Smith, David; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, eds. (2011). David Smith: cubes and anarchy. Munich Berlin: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-5121-6.
  39. ^ "David Smith: Points of Power - Exhibitions - Galerie Gmurzynska". www.gmurzynska.com. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  40. ^ Smith, David; Exhibition David Smith Points of Power; Galerie Gmurzynska, eds. (2012). David Smith: Points of Power ; Nudes, paintings, ceramics, sculptures, photographs. Zürich: Galerie Gmurzynska. ISBN 978-3-905792-08-9.
  41. ^ "Raw Color:". www.clarkart.edu. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  42. ^ Breslin, David; Brenson, Michael; Breslin, David; Ray, Charles; Smith, David; Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, eds. (2014). Raw color: the Circles of David Smith. Williamstown, Massachusetts: Clark Art Institute. ISBN 978-0-300-20791-0.
  43. ^ "Home". David Smith. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  44. ^ David Smith: The White Sculptures. Storm King Arts Center. 2017. ISBN 0981453163.
  45. ^ "Origins & Innovations - David Smith Exhibition". Hauser & Wirth. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  46. ^ Smith, David; Stevens, Peter F.; Devaney, Edith (2018). David Smith: origins & innovations. Hauser & Wirth. New York: Hauser & Wirth Publishers. ISBN 978-3-906915-12-8.
  47. ^ "David Smith: Sculpture 1932 - 1965". Yorkshire Sculpture Park. June 22, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  48. ^ "No One Thing - David Smith and Late Sculptures Exhibition". Hauser & Wirth. Retrieved August 18, 2025.
  49. ^ "David Smith: The Nature Of Sculpture » Meijer Gardens | Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park". www.meijergardens.org. June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  50. ^ Meijer Gardens (October 23, 2024). David Smith: The Nature of Sculpture. Retrieved April 22, 2025 – via YouTube.
  51. ^ Carol Vogel (January 5, 2012), Whitney and Storm King to Share a David Smith The New York Times.
  52. ^ "Empire State Plaza Art Collection".

Further reading

  • Gimenez, Carmen, ed. David Smith; A Centennial. New York: Guggenheim Museum, 2006.
  • Krauss, Rosalind. Terminal Iron Works: The Sculpture of David Smith. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971.
  • David Smith: Medals for Dishonor. New York: Independent Curators Incorporated, 1996.
  • Smith, Candida N. The Fields of David Smith. New York, London: Thames & Hudson, 1999.
  • Wilkin, Karen. David Smith. New York: Abbeville Press, 1984.
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