Allal al-Fassi

Zaʿīm[1]
Shaykh
Allal al-Fassi
علال الفاسي
Allal al-Fassi in 1949
Minister of Islamic Affairs
In office
1961–1963
Personal details
Born10 January 1910
Fes, Morocco
DiedMay 13, 1974(1974-05-13) (aged 64)
Bucharest, Romania
Political partyIstiqlal
ParentsAbd al-Wahid al-Fassi
Religious life
ReligionIslam
Movement
Alma materal-Qarawiyyin University

Muhammad Allal al-Fassi (Arabic: محمد علال الفاسي, romanized: Muḥammad ʿAllāl al-Fāsī; January 10, 1910 – May 13, 1974) was a Moroccan revolutionary,[2] politician, writer, poet, Pan-Arabist[3] and Islamic scholar[4] who was one of the early leaders of the Moroccan nationalist movement later becoming a leading member of the Istiqlal Party. He was a "neo-Salafist" who advocated for the synthesis of nationalism and Salafism. He developed the idea of Greater Morocco which later came to influence the official policy of Morocco.

He has been described as the "Father of Moroccan Nationalism".[5][6]

Early life and education

Muhammad Allal al-Fassi was born in Fes on 10 January 1910[2] to a prominent Andalusian family claiming descent from Uqba ibn Nafi[7] and a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which produced hundreds of Islamic scholars[2] known as the Fassi Fihri family.[8] His father, Abd al-Wahid al-Fassi,[9] was a judge,[10] grand mufti,[11] doctor of divinity at and curator of the library of Qarawiyyin.[2] Abd al-Wahid was also a merchant who founded the Nasiriyyah Free School in Fes.[12] He served as the imam at the Royal Mosque in Fes and mufti of Fes.[13] Allal al-Fassi's mother came from a prominent mercantile family known as the Ma'safirine family[9] who held considerable influence in Northern Morocco.[2]

At the age of 5, he entered a Quranic school.[14] He memorized the Quran by the age of 7.[15] Before attending Qarawiyyin at the age of 14, Allal al-Fassi was a student in the Nasiriyyah Free School his father founded.[12] Beginning in 1924,[16] he studied at the University of al-Qarawiyyin[17][18] where he received a purely Arab education and came under the influence of the Salafiya movement.[7]

Early nationalist activity

According to al-Fassi, he became politically conscious in 1925 when the French authorities attempted to appropriate water from the Oued Fes to divert it to French companies.[10] When he joined Qarawiyyin, he associated with the older students who started their nationalist activities in 1919.[14] In 1926, he set up a nationalist newsletter called Umm al-Banin.[12][19] In 1927, along with other students at Qarawiyyin, al-Fassi founded the Students' Union which sought the purification of Islam and aimed to alter the teaching methods of the university. It joined with another group, Supporters of Truth, a student group in Rabat led by Ahmed Balafrej, in 1929 to form The Moroccan League.[20] By 1930, al-Fassi began to lecture at mosques, Quranic schools and the Qarawiyyin on the theme of the Prophet and the Rashidun caliphs.[14] Al-Fassi graduated with a degree in Islamic law in 1930[21] or 1932.[14] He used the public lectures and course on the life of the Prophet to express his political views like his disdain for the French Protectorate. This was seen as a threat by the French administration and by 1933, the Resident-General passed a dahir forbidding al-Fassi along with two other Qarawiyyin lecturers from public speaking.[22] He along with his colleagues were removed from their position as ulema at Qarawiyyin.[23]

Allal al-Fassi c. 1935

In response to the Berber Dahir being passed, Allal al-Fassi began to coordinate alongside other nationalists like Ahmed Balafrej[24] and aroused public protest against the dahir. In al-Fassi's view, the dahir was "barbaric" and an "attempt at the annihilation of native people" by suppressing Arab and Islamic culture while replacing it with pre-Islamic Berber customs.[21] He co-founded the first political party in Morocco, the National Action Bloc (Arabic: كتلة العمل الوطني, romanized: Kutlat al-ʿAmal al-Waṭanī; or the Kutla)[10][25] or Moroccan Action Committee[24] (French: Comité d'Action Marocaine; CAM)[26] founded in 1931,[10] 1933[24] or 1934.[14] This party emerged from the protest movement against the Berber Dahir.[27] In February 1934, al-Fassi met with Sultan Mohammed.[28][29] The Kutla published the Plan of Reforms (French: Plan de Réformes marocaines) in 1934 in both Arabic and French.[30] Allal al-Fassi was one of the ten signatories of the reform plan[27] and he took a copy to the Resident-General with Mohammed Diouri.[31] The demands of the reform plan included the abolition of the Berber Dahir, unification of legal systems under Maliki law, expansion of the education system open to Moroccans, the forming of municipal councils, the promotion of Moroccans into positions of power and making Arabic an official language.[29] The reform plan did not outright call for independence but sought reform and the restoring of confidence in the aims of the 1912 Treaty of Fes.[32][33] Allal al-Fassi discussing the reform plan says:

The reform program was an ingenious stratagem to reconcile the existing treaties with the interests of the country, in the economic section, for example, the Kutla advocated the open-door policy and free trade, in accordance with the resolutions of the Algeciras Conference. This platform was designed to appeal to the support of the left-wing parties in France and to the signatories of the Algeciras international conference; at the same time, it was agreeable to the best interests of Morocco under the circumstances.[34]

The plan was rejected by the French administration[35] and by 1937, the nationalist movement started to split.[36] The Kutla split into the National Party (Ḥizb al-Waṭanī) which al-Fassi co-led and the Popular Movement (Ḥaraka Shaʿbiyya) later the The Party of Democracy and Independence (Ḥizb al-Shūrā wa-l-Istiqlāl) which was led by al-Fassi's former ally Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani.[10] Those that followed Allal al-Fassi in the split were often referred to as the Allaliyin, while al-Fassi was referred to as "Shaykh Allal" or "Hajj Allal".[37]

In 1931, he was allowed back to Fes, and he again picked up his political agitations in the city, and started campaigning and giving nationalistic speeches which gathered success and emotions amongst the masses who admired his eloquence. This prompted the French to exile him again in 1933, this time to Geneva where he met the Lebanese political leader Shakib Arslan, and would assist him in his historical works on the Maghreb region. Arslan, already in contact with young Moroccan nationalists in Switzerland such as the future PM Ahmed Balafrej, mentored him in political organization, and introduced him to many political contacts, and also publicized his name in his various journalistic articles and correspondences. Allal came back to Morocco in 1934, and founded the kutlat al-'amal al-watani كتلة العمل الوطني, Comité d'Action Marocaine (CAM) and the first Moroccan-led workers' union in 1936, and in December of that year officially petitioned the French Colonial Residence in Rabat demanding a number of reforms. This led the French authorities to decide to disband and persecute the members of his political organization, and in 1937, exiled him to the small town of Port-Gentil in Gabon where he would remain for the next nine years until 1946, receiving very little information about the affairs of the outside world during that period.

While he was in exile, the CAM was renamed in 1944 as the Istiqlal Party, which became the nationalist party and the driving force after the Moroccan Army of Liberation (Jaysh al-Tahrir).

Istiqlal party and post-independence

al-Fassi with other Moroccan nationalists, Makki Nasiri, Abdelkhalek Torres and Ahmed Bensouda (from left to right) c. 1951

He broke with the party in the mid-1950s, siding with armed revolutionaries and urban guerrillas who waged a violent campaign against French rule, whereas most of the nationalist mainstream preferred a diplomatic solution. In 1956, as Morocco gained independence, he reentered the party, and famously presented his case for reclaiming territories that have once been Moroccan in the newspaper al-Alam. In 1959, after the left-wing UNFP split off from Istiqlal, he became head of the party.[38]

From 1961 to 1963, he served briefly as Morocco's Minister of Islamic Affairs.[39] He was elected to the Parliament of Morocco in 1963, and served there as an Istiqlal deputy. He then went on to become a main leader within the opposition during the 1960s and the start of the 1970s, campaigning against King Hassan II's constitutional reforms that ended parliamentary government. He died of a heart attack on 13 May 1974,[40] on a visit to Romania where he was scheduled to meet with Nicolae Ceaușescu.[2]

Views

Arabism

A meeting of nationalist revolutionaries from the Muslim World with Allal al-Fassi on the right

Allal al-Fassi wanted an independent Morocco that was closely linked to Arab culture and the Middle East[41] and he promoted a greater Arab identity.[42] He proposed that the phrase "Arab kingdom" be added to the 1962 constitution but this request was declined by the king.[43] He supported the Arab League.[44]

Salafism

Allal al-Fassi was one of the most prominent Salafists in Morocco[45] and he became influenced by Salafism during his time at al-Qarawiyyin.[7] He advocated for what he called neo-Salafiyya (al-salafiyya al-jadida)[46][47] and belonged to a liberal trend of Salafism.[16] According to scholars Frederic Wehrey and Anouar Boukhars, al-Fassi saw Salafism as "a constructive force that fostered progress and kindled nationalistic revolutionary consciousness".[45] According to al-Fassi, Salafism "was synonymous with nationalism".[16]

Al-Fassi differed greatly from "purist Salafis" who were more similar to Wahhabists from Saudi Arabia and disapproved of his conception of Salafism.[48] Al-Fassi saw Salafism as a movement that meant Islamic revival and his definition of it was so broad that it could include any reformer since the 9th century as long as they affirmed tawhid, advocated for Islamic law, attempted to prevent the decline of the ummah or opposed despotism. This meant, for al-Fassi, that both Ibn Rushd and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab could be considered Salafis. He wanted students to read the Salafi writings of Rashid Rida and Muhammad Abduh who he claimed influenced the Salafist program of Morocco.[49] Allal al-Fassi has been associated with Islamic modernism.[50][51]

Sharia

Al-Fassi advocated for Sharia to serve as the basis for the Moroccan legal system.[52] He sought the reactivation of ijtihad[53] and was hostile to Maliki law.[45][54] Allal al-Fassi opposed customary law in Morocco which he labelled as jahili, a "pre-Islamic custom" that had to be abolished. He thought it was equally "horrific" to the customs of some African tribes and he believed customary law deprived women of rights that were granted to them by the Sharia like inheritance.[55] In the context of Islamic law, scholar of Islamic studies, Wael Hallaq, places Allal al-Fassi in the camp of legal reformers that he calls the utilitarianists who aimed to stay within limits of traditional Islamic legal theories and methodologies whilst also considering the need to modernise the legal system.[56]

Greater Morocco

Main article: Greater Morocco
Greater Morocco as claimed by the Istiqlal Party, 1956[57] Allal al-Fassi put forward this map of the "Moroccan Sharifian Kingdom in her natural and historical borders".[58]

Allal al-Fassi was the thinker behind Greater Morocco[59] which he believed was the territories that were historically a part of Morocco[60] before colonialism truncated Morocco's borders. In July 1956, he put forward a map in the Istiqlal newspaper, Al-Alam, which included all of Mauritania, parts of Western Algeria and a section of Northern Mali and all of the Spanish Sahara.[58][59] He did not think the independence of Morocco would be complete without these territories:

... so long as Tangier is not liberated from its international status, so long as the Spanish deserts of the south, the Sahara from Tindouf and Atar and the Algerian-Moroccan borderlands are not liberated from their trusteeship, our independence will remain incomplete and our first duty will be to carry on action to liberate the country and to unify it.[57]

Initially, only a few were interested in Greater Morocco but in part because of Allal al-Fassi's charisma it gradually won over the support of the rest of the Moroccan government.[45]

Women's rights

Allal al-Fassi supported the emancipation of women.[45][61] He called for the ban of polygamy.[62][63] Although, he only opposed polygamy because he thought it tarnished the image of modern Islam rather than it harming women.[64][65] Allal al-Fassi was part of the codification commission of the Mudawana[66] and served as its head.[67][68] Despite this, his liberal ideas on women were not integrated into the Mudawana.[69]

Literature

Allal al-Fassi in his office, c. 1951
Moroccan literature
Moroccan writers
  • Novelists
  • Playwrights
  • Poets
  • Essayists
  • Historians
  • Travel writers
  • Sufi writers
Forms
  • Novel
  • Poetry
Criticism and awards
See also

In 1925, Al-Fassi published his first book of poems. Some of Allal al-Fassi's works include:

  • “Munāqashat al-mīzāniyya al-farʿiyya li-wizārat al-ʿadl.” In al-Adāʾ al-barlamānī lil-zaʿīm ʿAllāl al-Fāsī. Rabat: Muʾassasat ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, 2010.[70]
  • Rasāʾil tashhad ʿalā l-tarīkh. Rabat: Muʾassasat ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, 2006.[70]
  • Al-Ḥarakāt al-Istiqlāliyya fī l-Maghrib al-ʿArabī. Sixth Edition. Casablanca: Muʾassasat ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, 2003.[70]
    • Translated as "The Independence Movements in Arab North Africa".[2][71]
  • Al-Taqrīb: Sharḥ Mudawwanat al-Aḥwāl al-Shakhṣiyya al-kitābān al-awwal wa-l-thānī. Rabat: Muʾassasat ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, 2000.[70]
  • Difāʿan ʿan al-Sharīʿa. Second Edition. Beirut: Manshūrāt al-ʿAṣr al-Ḥadīth, 1972.[70]
  • “al-Ḥaraka al-Salafiyya fī l-Maghrib.” In Ḥadīth al-Maghrib fī l-Mashriq. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿĀlamiyya, 1956.[70]
  • al-Naqd al-dhati Rabat: Matba'at al-Risala, 1979 (Self Criticism).[72]

Personal life

Both of Allal al-Fassi's daughters were married to leading figures of Moroccan politics; ex-Prime Minister and longtime Istiqlal party Secretary General Abbas El Fassi, and Mohamed El Ouafa ex-Minister and vocal dissident figure within the party.

Despite his support for Arabization and Islam, he educated his children in francophone secular schools. His first-born son became a cardiologist.[73]

See also

References

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Sources

Further reading

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