1955 United Kingdom local elections
Elections to the municipal and county councils of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland were held in 1955.
Results

England
Council[1][2][3][4] | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedfordshire | No overall control (Labour largest party) | No overall control (Conservatives largest party)[5] | Conservatives 25 (Liberal-Conservatives 13, Conservatives 12), Independents 22, Labour 21, Liberal 1[5] | ||
Berkshire | No overall control | No overall control | Independent 26, Conservatives 25, Labour 7[6] | ||
Buckinghamshire | No overall control | No overall control | Independent 26 (-2), Conservative 21 (+4), Labour 14 (-2) Liberal 1[7] | ||
Cambridgeshire | No overall control | Independent | Independent 27 (+1), Conservatives 16, Labour 9 (-1)[8] | ||
Cheshire | Conservative | Conservative | Details | ||
Cornwall | Independent | Independent | Election not run on political lines[9] | ||
Cumberland | No overall control - Anti-Labour administration | No overall control - Anti-Labour administration | Anti-Labour (Independents and Conservatives) 37 (+1), Labour 24 (-1)[7] | ||
Derbyshire | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
Devon | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Dorset | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[6] | ||
Durham | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
East Suffolk | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
East Sussex | No overall control | Conservative | Conservative gain: previously held 26 of 52 seats.[9] | ||
Essex | Labour | Conservative | Details | ||
Gloucestershire | No overall control | No overall control | Details | ||
Hampshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Herefordshire | Independent | Independent | Independent 49 (-1), Labour 5 (+1)[10] | ||
Hertfordshire | Conservative | Conservative | Details | ||
Holland | Independent | Independent | Independents held control.[6] | ||
Huntingdonshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control.[6] | ||
Isle of Ely | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Isle of Wight | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 15, Labour 5, Independents 16 [6] | ||
Kent | Conservative | Conservative | Details | ||
Kesteven | Independent | Independent | Details | ||
Lancashire | Labour | Conservative | Conservatives 71 (+21), Labour 46 (-18), Progressives and Independents 4 (-3)[11] | ||
Leicestershire | No overall control - Independent/Conservative administration | No overall control - Independent/Conservative administration | Conservatives and Independents 49 (+3), Labour 14 (-4), Liberals 1 (+1)[7] | ||
Lindsey | No overall control - Independent/Conservative administration | No overall control - Independent/Conservative administration | Independents and Conservatives 50 (+1), Labour 14 (-1)[8] | ||
London | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
Middlesex | Conservative | Conservative | Details | ||
Northamptonshire | No overall control | No overall control | Conservative 29, Labour 21, Independent 13, Liberal 4[6] | ||
Northumberland | Labour | Labour | Labour 37 (-3), Independents 32 (+2), Conservatives 3 (+1)[8] | ||
Nottinghamshire | Labour | Labour | Labour hold[6] | ||
Rutland | Independent | Independent | Independent 20 (-1), Labour 1 (+1)[10] | ||
Shropshire | Independent | Independent | Independents 45 (+1), Labour 8 (+1), Conservatives 6. Two new electoral divisions.[12] | ||
Soke of Peterborough | Conservative | Conservative[6] | Details | ||
Somerset | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Staffordshire | Labour | No overall control | Details | ||
Surrey | Conservative | Conservative | Details | ||
Warwickshire | No overall control | No overall control | Conservative 31, Labour 15, Independents 17[6] | ||
West Suffolk | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
West Sussex | Independent | Independent | Independents 34 (-1), Conservatives 24, Labour 2 (+1)[13] | ||
Westmorland | Independent | Independent | Independents 44, Labour 2[10] | ||
Wiltshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Worcestershire | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 33, Labour 19, Independents 15[6] | ||
Yorkshire East Riding | Independent | Independent | Independents held control | ||
Yorkshire North Riding | Independent | Independent | Independents 47 (+4), Labour 12 (-4), Conservatives 7[8] | ||
Yorkshire West Riding | Labour | No overall control | Details |
Wales

Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anglesey | Independent | Independent | Election not run on political lines[9] | ||
Brecknockshire | No overall control - Anti-Labour administration | No overall control - Anti-Labour administration | Labour 20(-1), Liberal 14 (+2), Conservatives 10 (-1), Independents 10[7] | ||
Carnarvonshire | Independent | Independent | Election not run on political lines[9] | ||
Cardiganshire | Independent | Independent | Election not run on political lines[9] | ||
Carmarthenshire | Labour | No overall control | Details | ||
Denbighshire | Independent | Independent | Independents 39, Labour 20, Conservative & National Liberal 5, Liberal 4, Miner 1[12] | ||
Flintshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Glamorgan | Details | ||||
Merionethshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Monmouthshire | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
Montgomeryshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Pembrokeshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] | ||
Radnorshire | Independent | Independent | Independents held control[8] |
Scotland
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aberdeenshire | Details | ||||
Argyllshire | Details | ||||
Ayrshire | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
Dumbartonshire | Moderates | Details | |||
Fife | No overall control | Labour | Details | ||
Midlothian | Labour | Labour | Details | ||
Stirlingshire | Labour | Labour | Details |
1955 Borough elections
- Summary of results
The results for the boroughs were:[15]
Party | Councillors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gains | Losses | % Gains | % Losses | ||
Conservative Party | 346 | 36 | |||
Labour Party | 49 | 390 | |||
Liberal Party | 16 | 8 | |||
Independents | 75 | 50 | |||
Communist Party of Great Britain | None | 2 | None | 100% |
English Boroughs
Elections to borough councils in England were as follows:[16]
A
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abingdon | Independents | Independents | Independents 17 (-2), Labour 4 (+1), Conservatives 3 (+1) | ||
Accrington | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 19 (-4), Conservatives 12 (+3), Liberals 2 (+1) | ||
Acton | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 26 (-2), Conservatives 6 (+2) | ||
Aldeburgh | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Aldershot | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 24 (+2), Independents 6, Labour 2 (-2) | ||
Altrincham | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 18, Independents 8, Labour 6 | ||
Andover | No overall control | No overall control | Labour 7, Independents 5, Conservatives 4 | ||
Appleby | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 No seats contested | ||
Arundel | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Ashton-under-Lyne | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 27 (-2), Conservatives 16 (+2), Liberals 1 | ||
Aylesbury | No overall control | No overall control | Labour 9 (-1), Independents 8, Conservatives 7 (+1) |
B
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacup | No overall control | No overall control | Liberals 10 (-2), Labour 8 (+2), Conservatives 6 | ||
Banbury | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 16 (+2), Labour 5 (-2) | ||
Barking | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 26 (-1), Conservatives 6 (+1) | ||
Barnes | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 26 (+1), Labour 5 (-1), Independents 1 | ||
Barnsley (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 36 (-1), Citizens 4 (+1) | ||
Barnstaple | Independents | Independents | Independents 18, Labour 6 | ||
Barrow-in-Furness (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 26, Conservatives 6 | ||
Basingstoke | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 9, Conservatives 5, Independents 1, 1 vacancy | ||
Bath (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 30 (+1), Labour 17 (-1), Liberals 5, Independents 4 | ||
Batley | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 21 (+1), Independents 6 (-1), Conservatives 1 | ||
Bebington | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 30 (+1), Labour 9 (-1), Liberals 5, Independents 1 | ||
Beccles | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 11, Independents 4 (+1), Labour 1 (-1) | ||
Beckenham | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 24 (+1), Independents 6, Labour 2 (-1) | ||
Beddington and Wallington | Independents | Independents | Independents 27 (+2), Labour 1 (-2) | ||
Bedford | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 18 (+1), Labour 8 (-1), Independents 1, 1 vacancy | ||
Berwick-upon-Tweed | Independents | Independents | Independents 18 (+1), Labour 6 (-1) | ||
Beverley | Independents | Independents | Independents 19 (-1), Labour 5 (+1) | ||
Bewdley | Independents | Independents | Independents 12 (+1), Labour 0 (-1) | ||
Bexhill | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 17, Labour 4, Independents 3 | ||
Bexley | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 21 (+1), Labour 9 (-1) | ||
Bideford | Independents | Independents | Independents 15, Labour 1 | ||
Bilston | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 21 (-2), Conservatives 5 (+2) | ||
Birkenhead (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 42 (-2), Conservatives 22 (+2) | ||
Birmingham (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 81 (-11), Conservatives 70 (+11), Independents 1 | ||
Bishop's Castle | Independents | Independents | Independents 15, Labour 1 | ||
Blackburn (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 33 (-2), Conservatives 21 (+2), Liberals 1 | ||
Blackpool (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 37 (+3), Liberals 16 (-2), Labour 1 (+1) | ||
Blandford Forum | Independents | Independents | Independents 15 (-1), Labour 1 (+1) All seats uncontested | ||
Blyth | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 24 (-4), Independents 6 (+4) | ||
Bodmin | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Bolton (County Borough) | Labour Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 49 (+9), Labour 41 (-9), Liberals 2 | ||
Bootle (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 35 (-5), Conservatives 21 (+5) | ||
Boston | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 15 (+1), Labour 4, Liberals 5, Independents 4 (+1) | ||
Bournemouth (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 51 (+1), Independents 6, Labour 3 (+1) | ||
Brackley | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Bradford (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 42 (-5), Conservatives 32 (+1), Liberals 6 | ||
Brentford and Chiswick | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 21 (+2), Labour 13 (-2), Ratepayers 1 | ||
Bridgnorth | Independents | Independents | Independents 12 Only 1 seat contested | ||
Bridlington | Independents | Independents | Independents 24 | ||
Bridport | Independents | Independents | Independents 23, 1 vacancy No seats contested. | ||
Brighouse | No overall control | No overall control (Anti-Labour Coalition) | Labour 13 (-1), Conservatives 13 (+1), Independents 2, Liberals 1 | ||
Brighton (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 51, Labour 22, Independents 3 | ||
Bristol (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 70, Independents 42 | ||
Bromley | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 19 (+1), Independents 7, Labour 2 (-1) | ||
Buckingham | Independents | Independents | Independents 14, Labour 2 | ||
Burnley (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 29 (-3), Conservatives 16 (+4), Liberals 3 (-1) | ||
Burton upon Trent (County Borough) | Labour Party | No overall control | Labour 15 (-1), Independents 13 (-1), Conservatives 4 (+2) | ||
Bury (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 28 (+6), Labour 12 (-6), Liberals 3, Independents 1 | ||
Bury St Edmunds | Independents | Independents | Independents 13, Conservatives 9, Labour 2 | ||
Buxton | No overall control | No overall control | Independents 10, Labour 5 (+1), Conservatives 5 (-1) |
C
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calne | Independents | Independents | Independents 12, Conservatives 2, Labour 2 No seats contested | ||
Cambridge | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 36 (+2), Labour 11 (-2), Independents 9 | ||
Canterbury (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 15 (+2), Independents 9 No seats contested | ||
Carlisle (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 20 (-1), Conservatives 17 (+1), Independents 1 | ||
Castleford | New borough | Labour Party | Labour 30 (-1), 10 aldermanic vacancies to be filled | ||
Chatham | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 14, Labour 10 | ||
Chard | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 10 (+1), Independents 6, Conservatives 0 (-1) | ||
Chelmsford | No overall control | Conservative Party | Conservatives 23 (+2), Labour 9 (-2), Independents 5 | ||
Cheltenham | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 23 (+2), Labour 9 (+1), Independents 3 3 new seats | ||
Chester (County Borough) | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 30 (+1), Labour 21 (-1), Liberals 4, Independent Labour 1 | ||
Chesterfield | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 30 (-1), Independents 13 (+1), Conservatives 5 | ||
Chichester | Independents | Independents | Independents 15 (+2), Conservatives 7, Labour 2 (-2) | ||
Chingford | Ratepayers' Association | Ratepayers' Association | Ratepayers 21 (+3), Labour 7 (-3) | ||
Chippenham | No overall control | No overall control | Independents 11, Labour 7, Liberals 3, Conservatives 3 | ||
Chipping Norton | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 10 (+1), Labour 2 (-1), Independents 4 | ||
Chorley | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 18, Labour 114 | ||
Christchurch | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 10 (-2), Independents 9 (+2) | ||
Cleethorpes | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 10 (+1), Independents 8, Liberals 2, Labour 0 (-1) | ||
Clitheroe | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 11 (+2), Labour 5 (-2) | ||
Colchester | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 18 (+2), Labour 16 (-2), Liberals 2 | ||
Colne | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 15 (-2), Conservatives 6 (+2), Liberals 2 | ||
Congleton | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 15, Labour 13 | ||
Coventry (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 41 (-5), Conservatives 22 (+5), Independents 1 | ||
Crewe | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 27 (-2), Conservatives 5 (+2) | ||
Crosby | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 37, Labour 6, Independents 5 | ||
Croydon (County Borough) | Ratepayers' Association | Ratepayers' Association | Ratepayers 38 (+2), Labour 16 (-4), Independents 8, Conservatives 2 (+2) |
D
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dagenham | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 18, Conservatives 3, 7 aldermen to be chosen. All new seats. | ||
Darlington (County Borough) | No overall control | Independents | Independents 24 (+2), Labour 20 (-2) | ||
Dartford | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 17 (-1), Independents 4, Conservatives 3 (+1) | ||
Dartmouth | Independents | Independents | Independents 9 (-1), Conservatives 5, Liberals 2 (+1) No seats contested | ||
Darwen | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 13 (+3), Labour 7 (-3), Independents 1 | ||
Daventry | Labour Party | Independents | Independents 8 (+3), Labour 7 (-3), Conservatives 1 | ||
Deal | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 20, Labour 6, Independents 5 | ||
Derby (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 42 (-1), Conservatives 22 (+2) | ||
Devizes | Independents | Independents | Independents 18 (-2), Conservatives 5 (+2), Labour 1 | ||
Dewsbury (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 22 (-1), Municipal Association and Independents 14 (+1) | ||
Doncaster (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 29 (-3), Independents 8 (+3), Conservatives 1 | ||
Dorchester | Independents | Independents | Independents 19, Labour 5 | ||
Dover | No overall control | Conservative Party | Conservatives 11 (+1), Labour 9 (-1), Independents 1 | ||
Droitwich | Independents | Independents | Independents 15 (-1), Residents Association 1 (+1) | ||
Dudley (County Borough) | Labour Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 23 (+5), Labour 20 (-6), Independents 1 (+1) | ||
Dukinfield | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 15 (-1), Conservatives 5 (+1), Liberals 4 | ||
Dunstable | No overall control (Labour largest party) | No overall control (United Conservatives and Liberals largest party) | United Conservatives and Liberals 11 (+3), Independents 7, Labour 6 (-3) | ||
Durham | Independents | Independents | Independents 23 (-1), Labour 5 (+1) |
Welsh Boroughs
The following were the results in the Welsh borough council elections:[17]
Council | Previous control | Result | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abergavenny | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 11, Labour 5, Independent 1 | ||
Aberystwyth | Independents | Independents | Independents 9 (+1), Labour 5 (-1)[18] | ||
Bangor | Independents | Independents | Independents 20 (-1), Liberals 6 (+1), Labour 2 | ||
Barry | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 19 (+1), Independents 9 (-1)[18] | ||
Beaumaris | Independents | Independents | Independents 16[18] | ||
Brecon | No overall control | No overall control | Labour 6, Conservatives 4, Liberals 3, Independents 3. All seats unopposed.[18] | ||
Caernarvon | Independents | Independents | Independents 19 (-1), Labour 5 (+1) | ||
Cardiff (County Borough) | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 25, Labour 19 (-1), Ratepayers 8 (+1), Independents 2, Liberals 1. 1 vacancy. | ||
Cardigan | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Carmarthen | Independents | Independents | Independents 14, Labour 10[18] | ||
Colwyn Bay | Conservative Party | Conservative Party | Conservatives 19 (-1), Independents 6 (+1), Labour 3 | ||
Conway | Independents | Independents | Independents 18, Labour 2 | ||
Cowbridge | Independents | Independents | Independents 14, Conservatives 1, Labour 1 | ||
Denbigh | Independents | Independents | Independents 14, Labour 2 | ||
Flint | No overall control. Labour Minority administration | No overall control. Anti-Labour administration[19] | Labour 11 (-1), Conservatives 8 (+1), Liberal 1, Independents 4 | ||
Haverfordwest | Independents | Independents | Independents 12, Labour 4[18] | ||
Kidwelly | Labour minority administration | Independents | Independents 9, Labour 7[18] | ||
Lampeter | Independents | Independents | Independents 16[18] | ||
Llandovery | Independents | Independents | Independents 16[18] | ||
Llanelly | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 19 (-1), Independents 4 (+1) | ||
Llanfyllin | Independents | Independents | Independents 16[18] | ||
Llanidloes | Labour minority administration | Independents | Independents 9 (+1) Labour 7 (-1) | ||
Merthyr Tydfil (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 32 | ||
Monmouth | No overall control | No overall control | Conservatives 7, Independents 5, Labour 4 All seats uncontested[18] | ||
Montgomery | Independents | Independents | Independents 8 | ||
Neath | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 14 (-1), Non Party Citizens' Guild 7 (+1) | ||
Newport (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 24 (-4), Conservatives 14 (+4), Independents 2[20] | ||
Pembroke | Independents | Independents | Independents 22, Labour 2[18] | ||
Port Talbot | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 22, Independents 2[18] | ||
Pwllheli | Independents | Independents | Independents 16. All seats uncontested[18] | ||
Rhondda | New borough | Labour Party | Labour 32, Independent 1 | ||
Ruthin | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Swansea (County Borough) | Labour Party | Labour Party | Labour 45, Independents 14, People's Party 1[18] | ||
Tenby | Independents | Independents | Independents 16 | ||
Welshpool | Independents | Independents | Independents 14, Labour 2 | ||
Wrexham | No overall control | No overall control | Independents 13, Labour 12, Liberals 7, Conservatives and National Liberals 4 |
See also
References
- ^ "Labour Losses in English Council Elections". The Herald (Glasgow). 4 April 1855. p. 7. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "English County Elections". The Herald (Glasgow). 5 April 1955. p. 7. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "Labour Beaten in Lancashire". The Herald (Glasgow). 6 April 1955. p. 8. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "Labour Lose in Staffordshire". The Herald (Glasgow). 7 April 1955. p. 5. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Conservatives' Triumph at the Polls". Ampthill and District News. 5 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "As you were in Elections". Western Mail. 2 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d "Big Swing to Right in L.C.C. Elections". Bradford Observer. 1 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Independents' Gain in North Riding". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 1 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e "Labour lose five county Councils". Hull Daily Mail. 7 April 1955. p. 9.
- ^ a b c "Many Tory Gains in Elections". Birmingham Mail. 1 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ "Socialist control of W. Wales county ends". Western Mail. 6 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ a b "No local rush to vote in County Elections". Halifax Evening Courier. 2 April 1955. p. 1.
- ^ "Our Comment and Gossip". West Sussex Gazette. 7 April 1955. p. 6.
- ^ "VOTING POWER UNCHANGED: Ayr County Council". The Herald (Glasgow). 12 May 1955. p. 12. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "LATE NEWS: BOROUGH ELECTIONS". The Herald (Glasgow). 12 May 1955. p. 17. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "Election Results. Midland Details and National Summary". Birmingham Post. 13 May 1955. p. 18.
- ^ "Socialists setbacks in Welsh elections". Western Mail. 13 May 1955. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Election Results". Birmingham Post. 13 May 1955. p. 18.
- ^ "Heavy Polling Last Night". Birmingham Post. 13 May 1955. p. 1.
- ^ "Latest News. Election Results". Birmingham Post. 13 May 1955. p. 13.